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Fundamentals 1 > !! Chapter 37 Urinary Elimination > Flashcards

!! Chapter 37 Urinary Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

___ helps to rid the body of waste products and materials that exceed bodily needs.

A

Elimination

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2
Q

The urinary system is responsible for:

A

absorption of nutrients and fluids from the body’s intake.

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3
Q

The urinary system controls the composition of blood by:

A

removing waste products known as urea and conserving useful substances.

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4
Q

__ is produced when protein-rich foods are digested.

A

Urea

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5
Q

The urinary system helps to control ___.

A

Blood pressure

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6
Q

The urinary system plays a crucial role in:

A

acid-base balance

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7
Q

The human makes ___ of urine every 24 hours.

A

1.5L

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8
Q

What are the 7 functions of the kidneys?

A
  • major excretory organs of the body
  • filter liquid waste from the blood
  • balance salts and electrolytes in the blood
  • regulate blood volume and pressure
  • produce erythropoietin for RBC formation
  • synthesize vitamin D to help with calcium levels
  • maintains acid-base balance or extracellular fluid
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9
Q

How is urine formed?

A

by tiny filtering units called nephrons, which are the functional unit of the kidney.

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10
Q

Each nephron consists of: (2)

A

-the renal corpuscle and a small tube called the renal tube.

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11
Q

The renal corpuscle is comprised of a network of blood capillaries called the ___.

A

Glomerulus

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12
Q

___ occurs in the glomerulus as fluid moves across a membrane as the result of a pressure difference.

A

Filtration

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13
Q

___ occurs in the renal tubule as most of the filtrate moves back into the blood.

A

Reabsorption

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14
Q

As ___ takes place, urine is produced.

A

Secretion

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15
Q

After exiting the kidneys, the urine goes where and through what?

A

to the bladder through the ureters (narrow tubes)

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16
Q

The ureter wall muscles continually tighten and relax to:

A

force urine downward

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17
Q

What can make a patient susceptible to kidney infections?

A

if urine is retained in the kidney or back flows from the bladder toward the kidneys

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18
Q

The bladder walls relax and expand to ___, and they they relax and extend to ___.

A
  • store urine

- empty urine through the urethra

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19
Q

What do sphincter muscles at the base of the bladder do?

A

they help keep urine from leaking

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20
Q

What transports urine from the bladder to outside the body?

A

the urethra

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21
Q

What is it called when the bladder signals that it is time to urinate and empty the bladder?

A

urgency or urge

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22
Q

When all the signals occur in the correct order for urination, ___ occurs.

A

Micturition or urination.

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23
Q

What is urinary retention?

A

Can’t release the urine, and it is instead stuck in the bladder.

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24
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Loss of ability to control voiding

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25
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect the structure or function of the urinary system?

A
  • psychosocial factors
  • food and fluid intake
  • surgical and diagnostic procedures
  • pathologic conditions (arteriosclerosis)
  • UTI’s
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26
Q

Anuria

A

No urine or less than 50-100ml

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27
Q

Oliguria

A

little urine, 100-400 ml in 24 hours (adults: less than 400.)

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28
Q

Polyuria

A

excessive urination , over 2,500 ml per day.

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29
Q

Nocturia

A

excessive urination at night

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30
Q

Dysuria

A

painful urination

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31
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in the urine

32
Q

Anuria can be caused by:

A

a tumor, obstruction, blood clots, etc.

33
Q

Dialysis

A

fluids and molecules pass through an artificial semipermeable membrane and are filtered via osmosis.

34
Q

Hemodialysis

A

the patients blood is continually flowing through a machine that filters it.

35
Q

What does hemodialysis take place of?

A

the kidneys if they aren’t working right

36
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

instilling dialysis solution into the patients abdominal cavity through an external catheter. put the fluid in, they sleep, it gets drained in the morning.

37
Q

Oliguria classifications: (3)

A

prerenal: from reduced blood flow to kidneys
renal: from actual renal damage
postrenal: failure from abstraction of urine flow

38
Q

Does urine color reflect degree of blood loss?

A

NO, some blood could be microscopic.

39
Q

What is tea colored urine?

A

blood is in it.

40
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

The inability to control the passage of urine

41
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Loss of urine when sneezing, laughing, exercising, etc.

-lots of women after childbirth have this

42
Q

Urge incontinence

A

a sudden STRONG need to void or urinate, follow day rapid bladder contraction

43
Q

Mixed incontinence

A

urge and stress incontinence mixed.

44
Q

Functional incontinence

A

occurs despite the fact that the urinary tract is functioning appropriately. their is some other type of issue going on that is causing this.

45
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Patient is unable to fully empty bladder, so it results in a constant dribbling.

46
Q

Urinary incontinence is caused by:

A
  • obstruction in the urinary bladder

- neurologic disorder

47
Q

Enuresis

A

The involuntary passing of urine

48
Q

5 medications causing urine changes?

A
  • diuretics
  • anticoagulants
  • phenazopyridine: Pyridium
  • antidepressant-amitriptyline
  • levodopa
49
Q

what are anticoagulants and what change can they cause in the urine?

A
  • blood thinners

- blood in urine (hematuria)

50
Q

What are diuretics and what change can they cause in the urine?

A
  • water pills
  • dehydrates you by making your body get rid of all the excess water
  • lighten color or urine
51
Q

What is phenazopyridine and what change can they cause in the urine?

A
  • PYRIDIAM
  • urinary tract analgesic
  • cause urine to be orange
52
Q

What can antidepressants-amitriptyline change in the urine?

A

-can cause urine to be green or blue

53
Q

What is levodopa and what change can they cause in the urine?

A
  • Seizure medication

- can lead to brown or black urine

54
Q

What is the single most common hospital-acquired infection?

A

UTI

55
Q

What is a urinary diversion?

A

When bladder function is not working correctly so they do a ureterostomy on the abdomen and either both ureters stick outside the skin attached to a bag, or they’re connected inside and one sticks out.

56
Q

What does the BUN and creatinine test?

A

kidney function

57
Q

__ is a measure of the urea level in the blood.

A

BUN

58
Q

What is urea?

A

waste, the end product of protein metabolism

59
Q

What is a waste product that is produced in the blood as a byproduct of muscle metabolism?

A

Creatinine

60
Q

A patient with kidney damage has decreased ___ but increased ___.

A
  • urinary creatinine

- serum levels

61
Q

What is the balance of water and solutes?

A

specific gravity

62
Q

Normal urine characteristics:

A

no protein, no ketones, and little to no glucose.

63
Q

increased __ levels show a UTI.

A

nitrate

64
Q

What organs does a diagnostic x-ray that shows GI conditions such as bowel obstruction and gallstones involve?

A

Kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray (KUB)

65
Q

What is an x-ray with contrast that shows the size, shape, and position of the urinary tract?

A

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

66
Q

What is used to diagnose kidney stones, bladder stones, or blockage, and also looks for growths, infections, or other disease of the urinary tract?

A

-Computed tomography (CT) of the KUB.

67
Q

What is an examination of the bladder and urethra via a camera that is inserted into the urethra and then advanced into the bladder?

A

cystoscopy

68
Q

Medications such as diuretics may cause frequency or urgency, potentially compromising which patients?

A

fall risks

69
Q

What are 5 ways to promote normal urinary patterns in a healthcare facility?

A
  • integrate the patient’s habits into daily care
  • safe practice (diuretics and fall risks)
  • privacy !!!
  • toileting schedule
  • fluid intake (increase)
70
Q

What do Kegel exercises do?

A

help to tone the female pelvic floor which reduces risk of incontinence.
-helps keep it tight so urine doesn’t come out unexpectedly.

71
Q

___% of UTIS are the result of catheterizations?

A

about 80

72
Q

What is a primary method for UTI prevention?

A

avoiding use of indwelling catheters

73
Q

4 different catheters and what do they do?

A
  • straight: one time and used to get the urine out, or for a measurement.
  • foley: balloon is used to keep it in the bladder, one tube used to irrigate ht ballon, other to release urine.
  • Triple-Lumen: used to irrigate or put medicine is AS WELL as let urine come out
  • Coude: bent for older men bc their prostates enlarge as they age
74
Q

__ is used for bladder irrigation?

A

-saline

75
Q

What are suprapubic catheters?

A
  • inserted directly into the bladder just above the pubic bone.
  • used if the urethra is not working.
76
Q

What are the documentation concerns for urinary tract:

A
  • I & O
  • Note stoma condition and skin appearance
  • record color, odor, consistency, and amount of urine

Fundamentals 1 (24 decks)

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