S2. Ch 24: Neurological System Flashcards
affects the ability of the central nervous system to control body movements as a result of impaired function of basal ganglia in the midbrain.
Parkinson’s Disease
___ is necessary for smooth motor movement and has a role in emotions.
Dopamine
Parkinson’s is more common in what gender?
Men
A finding in people with Parkinson’s disease compared with individuals who have other causes of tremors is the presence of ____, an intracellular inclusion body, in the brain.
the Lewy body
The death of substantia nigra cells within the basal ganglia leads to ___, which is responsible for the symptoms.
a significant reduction in dopamine
Some symptoms of Parkinson’s:
- drooling
- difficulty swallowing
- slow speech
- monotone voice
- skin is moist
- mask-like appearance
- Bradykinesia
- Poor balance
- appetite increases
- emotional instability
Temporary or intermittent neurological events that can result from any situation that reduces cerebral circulation
Transient ischemic attacks
the third leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in older adults.
CVA’s
Intellectual performance normally is maintained until the __ __ of life, and verbal skills may begin to show some declines after age ___.
- eighth decade
- 70.
Effects of Aging on nervous system:
- loss of nerve cell mass
- atrophy of the brain and spinal cord
- brain weight decreases
- number of dendrites declines
Demyelination of cells causes:
- slower nerve conduction
- response and reaction times are slower
- reflexes become weaker
there is a decrease in cerebral blood flow by ___%.
20
Fatty deposits accumulate in __.
blood vessels
intellectual performance is maintained until at least age ___.
80
verbal skills are maintained until age ___
70
their is a dulling of ___ due to aging
tactile sensation
there is also a decline in the function of the cranial nerves affecting ___.
taste and smell
Subtle Indications of Neurological Problems:
new headaches changes in vision sudden deafness/ringing in ears mood/personality changes altered cognition or LOC clumsiness/unsteady gait numbness/tingling in extremity unusual sensation or pain near nerve
Parkinson’s affects ability of CNS to control body movements because of:
impaired basal ganglia in mid-brain, they either die or become impaired
risk factors for neurons disorders:
smoking, obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, ineffective stress management
preventive measures for neurological health:
maintain healthy weight, smoking sensation, maintain healthy cholesterol level, avoid head and spinal cord injuries
dopamines role:
smooth motor muscle movements
About __% of neurons are lost and this increases with age. Also seen more in men then women,
80
Cause of Parkinson’s disease?
unknown
Signs/symptoms of Parkinson’s?
monotone voice muscle rigidity hard time ambulating tremors shuffling gait sleep disturbances depression dementia drooling dysphagia SOB constipation
Parkinson’s Disease: What do dopamine agonist do?
they stimulate dopamine receptors
Parkinson’s Disease: What do Anticholinergic medications do?
decrease acetylcholine in the brain & restore normal neurotransmitter’s balance-can make glaucoma worse
Parkinson’s Disease: What do Mono-oxidase inhibitors & catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors do?
control symptoms
Parkinson’s Disease: What are some technologies to control symptoms?
Deep brain stimulation
What are some surgeries for Parkinson’s Disease?
Deep brain stimulator, a piecemaker can be implanted, etc
Goal of Parkinson’s disease?
Maximum level of independence preserved
3 nursing interventions for patients with Parkinson’s disease?
- education: about disease and management and progression of disease
- psychosocial: prevent tension and frustration
- physical: preserve max level of patient independence
What is a TIA?
- Transient Ischemic Attack
- temporary or intermittent reduction in cerebral perfusion
Causes of TIA?
smoking, obesity, diabetes, genetics, anything that reduces circulation, etc.
signs and symptoms of TIA?
hemaporesis (paralysis of one side)
diplopia (double vision)
vomiting
nausea
Recovery of a TIA?
usually within 1 day, usually resolves on its own
TIA has an increased risk of ___
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
TIA can be a ___
mini stroke, or a warning sign of an impending stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident is a __-
stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident is the __ leading cause of death in older adults.
3rd
Types of CVA?
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
What is an Ischemic CVA?
caused by partial or complete cerebral thrombosis, which is a clot that blocks a path of blood to the heart
What is a Hemorrhagic CVA?
- ruptured blood vessel
- comes w more complications, and you want to make sure you check the patient’s BP, no brain swelling/shifting, etc
- their can be more sudden changes with this one
__ is used for ischemic CVA’s to break the blockage
TPA
warning signs for a CVA and a TIA?
lightheaded, dizzy, headache, drop attack
What is a drop attack?
when you lose feeling and muscle control in your extremity and you fall to the ground
Nursing care during acute phase of CVA:
Maintain a patent airway, provide adequate nutrition & hydration, monitor neurological & vital signs, prevent complications associated with immobility
CVA: After patient stabilization, focus is on ___
rehabilitation
CVA: During rehabilitation, problems vary on ___
the side of the brain affected
CVA: Nursing interventions are aimed at:
promoting maximum levels of independence, preventing injury
3 things to use when promoting independence:
patience
reassurance
encouragement
Neuro conditions: preventing injury:
avoid hazards
safety considerations
evaluate the environment for danger
prevent complications