!! Ch. 32: Skin Integrity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skin?

A
Protection body temperature regulation
Psychosocial- appearance of the skin. Ex; goosebumps
Sensation
Vitamin d production
Immunologic
Absorption
Elimination
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2
Q

What’re some factors about the skin that can affect it?

A
  • Unbroken/healthy skin and mucous membrane
  • Resistance to injury
  • nourishment and hydration
  • Adequate circulation
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3
Q

What are some developmental considerations?

A
  • In children<2 years, the skin is thinner and weaker than it is in adults
  • An infant’s skin and mucous membranes are easily injured and subject to infection -As a person ages; the maturation of epidermal cells is prolonged, leading to thin, easily damaged skin.
  • Circulation collagen formation is impaired
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4
Q

What’re some causes of skin alterations?

A
  • Very thin and very obese people are more susceptible to skin injury
  • excessive perspiration during illness predisposes skin breakdown
  • jaundice
  • diseases can cause lesions
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5
Q

What are the 4 categories for types of wounds?

A
  • intentional or unintentional
  • open or closed
  • acute or chronic
  • partial, full, or complex thickness
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6
Q

What are the 3 different types of wound thickness?

A
  • Partial thickness: not all the way through to the bone
  • Full thickness: all the way through the subcutaneous tissue to the bone
  • Complex: varying different levels of thickness
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7
Q

What are 5 types of wounds?

A

Contusion: caused by a blunt instrument and may result in bruising or hematoma.
Abrasion: the rubbing or scraping of epidermal layers of skin.
Laceration: the tearing of skin and tissue with a blunt or irregular instrument.
Avulsion: the tearing of a structure from normal anatomic position
Incision: well-approximated edges and no signs of infection

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8
Q

What are the wound healing types? (3 intentions)

A
  • Primary intention: The edges of the surgical incision are closed together with stitches or clips until the cut edges merge.
  • Secondary intention: The healing of an open wound, from the base upwards, by laying down new tissue
  • Tertiary intention: Occurs when a wound is initially left open after debridement of all nonviable tissue.
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9
Q

What are the principles of wound healing?

A
  • Intact skin
  • hand hygiene
  • body responds systematically
  • adequate blood supply
  • normal healing when wound is free of bacteria
  • extent of damage
  • person’s health
  • response to wound
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10
Q

What are the 4 phases of wound healing?

A

Hemostasis
Inflammatory
Proliferation
Maturation

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11
Q

What is the hemostasis phase?

A
  • Occurs immediately after initial injury.
  • The process of the wound being closed by clotting.
  • liquid plasma is formed causing swelling and pain
  • platelets stimulate other cells to go to injury site
  • cant heal unless it stops bleeding
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12
Q

What is the Inflammatory phase?

A
  • lasts about 2-3 days
  • WBC’s move to the wound site.
  • Macrophages enter the wound area and ingest debris/release growth factors that attract fibroblasts to fill in the wound.
  • Damaged cells, pathogens, and bacteria are removed from the wound area.
  • Wound is red, hot, and swollen.
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13
Q

What is the Proliferation phase?

A
  • Lasts for several weeks
  • a thin line of epidermal cells form across the surface of the wound in a process called epithelialization.
  • Wound is rebuilt with new tissue that was made by fibroblasts
  • capillaries grow across the wound
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14
Q

What is the Maturation phase?

A
  • Final stage of healing
  • beings 3 weeks after injury, continuing for months or years
  • “Remodeling stage”
  • When collagen is remodeled from type III to type I and the wound fully closes.
  • scar becomes a flat, thin, white line
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15
Q

What are the 9 factors affecting wound healing?

A
Pressure
Desiccation (dehydration)
Maceration (overhydration)
Trauma
Edema
Infection
Excessive bleeding
Necrosis
Presence of biofilm (thick grouping of microorganisms)
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16
Q

What are some of the Systemic Factors Affecting Wound Healing?

A
  • age
  • circulation and oxygenation
  • nutritional status
  • wound etiology
  • health status
  • Immunosuppression
  • medication use
  • adherence to treatment plan
17
Q

What are the 4 types of wound complications?

A
  • infection
  • hemorrhage
  • dehiscence and evisceration
  • fistula formation
18
Q

What are some Psychological Effects of Wounds?

A
  • pain
  • anxiety
  • fear
  • Impact on ADL’s
  • change in body image
19
Q

What are the 8 Factors Affecting Pressure?

A
Aging skin
Chronic illnesses
Immobility
Malnutrition
Fecal and urinary incontinence
Altered level of consciousness
Spinal cord and brain injuries
Neuromuscular disorders
20
Q

What’re the 2 Mechanisms in Pressure Injury Development?

A

External pressure compressing blood vessels

Friction or shearing forces tearing or injuring blood vessels

21
Q

What are the stages of pressure ulcers?

A

Stage 1: red, no skin missing
Stage 2: blister, layer of skin missing
Stage 3: deep, red and full-thickness skin loss
Stage 4: can see bone. full-thickness skin, tunneling and undermining is present.
Unstageable: obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss. more problematic.

22
Q

What is a Deep tissue pressure injury?

A

persistent nonblanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration. example is a hematoma.

23
Q

What is eschar?

A

characterized by dark, crusty tissue at either the bottom or the top of a wound.

24
Q

What is slough?

A

necrotic tissue that needs to be removed from the wound for healing to take place

25
How do you measure a pressure injury?
- size of wound - depth of wound - presence of undermining, tuning or sinus tract - use a clock to say where it is
26
How do you clean a pressure injury/wound?
- clean with each dressing change - use new gauze to clean form top to bottom - use 0.9% saline solution - dry area with gauze after cleaned - report drainage or necrotic tissue
27
What are the 4 types of wound drainage?
- Serous: clear and watery - Sanguineous: red blood cells, fresh blood - Serosanguineous: combo of serous and sanguineous. light pink. - Purulent: prescience of infection. White blood cells, dead tissue, musty and foul odor, can be from dark yellow to green color
28
How do you perform a wound assessment?
- Inspect for sight and smell; describe the colors - Palpate for appearance, drainage, and pain - Note drainage and what it looks like - See if there's any sutures, drains or tubes, and manifestation of complications
29
What are 3 types of wound dressings?
Telfa; waterproof, doesn't stick to wound Gauze dressings Transparent dressings; can see wound through it
30
What are the two types of drainage systems?
Open: ex; Penrose drain Closed: ex; Jackson-pratt drain and hemovac drain
31
What do you assess in a pressure injury assessment?
- risk assessment - mobility - nutritional status - moisture and incontinence - appearance of existing pressure injury - pain assessment
32
Effects of applying heat:
- Heat increases inflammatory response - Dilates peripheral blood vessels - Increases tissue metabolism - Reduces blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability - Reduces muscle tension - Helps relieve pain
33
Effects of applying cold:
- Constricts peripheral blood vessels - Reduces muscle spasms - Promotes comfort - Decreases edema - Helps relieve pain - Cold decreases inflammatory response - Has a level of non pharmacological pain relief