Test 4 Review Flashcards
Proliferative Phase
Build up of the uterine wall
Dominated by estrogen, which causes the uterine lining (endometrium) to thicken
Secretory Phase
Phase immediately surrounding ovulation. If egg is not fertilized during this phase, estrogen level drops sharply.
Progesterone level dominates.
Ischemic Phase
Estrogen and progesterone levels fall.
Menstrual Phase
Ischemic endometrium is shed.
PID
Pelvic Inflammatory disease Commonly occurs in women 15-24 who are sexually active. Common causes are Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Signs and Symptoms: Pain Shuffling gait Fever Chills Nausea Vomiting Sepsis Foul-smelling vaginal discharge Obvious rebound tenderness
Mittelschmerz
Abdominal pain associated with ovulation Signs and Symptoms: Unilateral lower quadrant pain Low-grade fever Bleeding at time of ovulation
Endometritis
Infection of the endometrium Signs and symptoms: Severe lower abdominal pain Bloody, foul-smelling discharge Fever between 101 and 104°F Usually occurs 48 to 72 hours after the gynecological procedure or miscarriage
How to treat gynecological trauma
Put pressure on site Established IV is bleeding a severe Transport and left lateral recumbent position Objectively state what happened Document what patient says
What changes are generally associated with pregnancy?
Breast enlargement
Progesterone causes decreasing airway resistance that results in 20% increase in oxygen consumption and 40% increase in tile volume.
Maternal blood volume increases by 45%
Pregnant female may suffer 30 to 35% blood loss without significant change in vital signs
Maternal heart rate increases by 10 to 15 bees per minute
Estrogen increases thickness of vaginal mucosa
Peristalsis is slowed
How many umbilical veins are there in an infant?
One
How many umbilical arteries are there in an infant?
Two
Ductus Venosus
Specialized structure that allows the umbilical vein to connect to the inferior vena cava of the infant.
Ductus arteriosus
Specialized structure that allows the pulmonary artery to connect directly with the aorta of an infant
Foramen Ovale
A hole in the heart of the unborn infant between the right and left atria
Placenta previa
Nonpainful cause of bleeding in pregnancy
Cost to buy placenta covering the cervix
Abruptio Placenta
Painful cause of bleeding in pregnancy
Caused when the placenta begins to tear away from the uterine wall
Preeclampsia
Signs and symptoms
Increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg and/or a diastolic increase to 15 mmHg over baseline on at least two separate occasions at six hours apart. If no baseline blood pressure is available, A blood pressure of 140/90 is considered hypertensive. Hypertension Headaches Photosensitivity Edema Pulmonary Edema Dramatic increase in urine output
When does preeclampsia become eclampsia?
When seizures develop
Often presided by visual disturbances, flashing lights or spots, epigastric pain or pain in the right upper quadrant.
How do you treat preeclamptic and eclamptic patients?
Preeclamptic- begin IV of NS and possibly administer 2-4 G of magnesium sulfate
Eclamptic- begin IV of NS and give 2-5 G magnesium sulfate. If seizures develop, consider valium or other sedative.
Gestational Diabetes
Signs and symptoms
Placental hormones can cause an increased resistance to insulin and a decreased glucose tolerance.
Signs and symptoms:
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia
If blood sugar gets too low, Patients may have a seizure
Abdominal pain
Increased urination
Recent infection
Treatment:
If BG below 60, give 25-50 G of 50 percent dextrose IV
If PT can swallow, give sugared soda or orange juice, or glucose pastes
IF BG exceeds 200, give 1-2 L of sodium chloride IV
Stages of labor
Stage one- Dilatation Stage, ends with the complete dilatation and effacement of the cervix
Stage two- Expulsion Stage, begins with the complete dilatation of the cervix and ends with the delivery of the fetus. Contractions every two minutes, Lasting for 60-75 seconds.
Stage three- Placental Stage- Placenta usually delivers within 5-20 minutes. Do not delay transport to wait for delivery.
When to assist neonatal breathing?
If respirations are less than 30 permit and tactile stimulation does not improve rate. In this case give high flow high concentration oxygen and assist ventilations.
What factors stimulate a baby’s first breath?
Mild acidosis
Stretch receptors
Hypoxia
Hypothermia
Meningomyelocle
Spinal cord protruding from spinal column
Omphalocele
Congenital hernia of the umbilicus
Normal vital for age group 0 to 3 months
Heart rate: 85-205
Respirations: 30-60
Blood pressure: Systolic greater than 60
Normal vitals for age group 3 months-2 years
Heart rate: 100-190
Respirations: 24-40
Blood pressure 1-12 months: above 70 systolic
Blood pressure 1-2 years: 70 + 2 X age
Normal vitals for ages 2 to 10 years
Heart rate: 60-140 Respirations: Preschooler- 22-34 School Age- 18-30 Blood pressure: 70 + 2 X age
PDA (patente ductus arteriosus)
When ductus arterioles doesn’t close completely
What is something you should check on all sick infants?
Blood glucose levels
The blood glucose levels are below 40 in an infant what should be used to treat them?
D5W or D10W
Persistent fetal circulation
Condition in which blood continues to bypass the fetal respiratory system, resulting in ongoing hypoxia.
What is the age of an infant?
Six to twelve months
What is the age of a toddler?
One to 3 years
What is the age of a preschooler?
3 to 5 years
These children know how to talk and have a weird sense of time
What is the most pressure that should be used when suctioning out an infant?
100 mmHg
What is the longest period of time one should suction an infant?
10 seconds
What is one thing that should always be done before intubation?
Give atropine
What is the formula for finding out what the correct tube size is for intubation in a infant?
Age + 16/4
Emergency medical services for children (EMSC)
Federally funded program aimed at improving the health of pediatric patients who suffer from life-threatening illnesses and injuries
Pierre Robin Syndrome
Unusually small jaw, combined with a cleft palate, downward displacement of the tongue, and an absent gag reflex.
