Pulmonology Test Review Flashcards
What is our drive to breath based off of?
CO2
A reactive airway disease that is stimulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Asthma
Extrinsic risk factors
Risk factors that are external to the patient i.e. Cigarette smoking
Intrinsic risk factors
Risk factors that are internal to the patient i.e. Genetic predisposition
What test measures the amount of expired air in the patient with respiratory problems?
PEFR
What causes Pneumonia?
Bacteria
What is one factor that can help differentiate pneumonia from COPD?
Fever
Consolidation
A condition that may exist in a patient with pneumonia in which an area of the lung gills with fluid and cellular debris.
First line treatment for reactive airway disease would include…
Albuterol
Peep does what for the Alveoli?
Keeps them open
Resultant respiratory alkalosis associated with hyperventilation syndrome is due to excessive loss of what?
CO2
Sympatholytic drugs can cause what respiratory complication?
Respiratory Depression
When should the Resuscitative Approach be used?
Whenever we suspect a life threatening problem. Examples: Cardiac or respiratory arrest Respiratory distress or failure Unstable dysrhythmias Status epilepticus (series of generalized motor seizures without an intervening return of consciousness) Coma or altered mental status Shock or hypotension Major trauma Possible C-spine injury
What is the Resuscitative Approach?
Take immediate resuscitative action (such as CPR and defibrillation and ventilation) or other critical action ( such as supplemental oxygen, control of major bleeding and the rapid secondary assessment and/ or en route to the hospital.)
When should the Contemplative Approach be used?
When immediate intervention is not necessary.
I.E.
Stable chest pain
Mild allergic reaction
When should be Immediate Evacuation approach be used?
Patient with severe internal bleeding, or if the scene is too chaotic, unsafe, or unstable to perform a good assessment.
What is the most superior part of the upper airway?
The nasal cavity
What bones comprise the nasal cavity?
Maxillary, frontal, nasal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
Sinus
Air cavity that conducts fluids from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from the nasopharynx.
Nasal septum
Cartilage separates the right and left nasal
Eustachian tube
A tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal Duct
Narrow tube that carries into the nasal cavity tears and debris that have drained from the eye.
Respiration
The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.
What are the parts of the Nasal cavity?
Sinus, Nasal septum, Eustachian tube, and nasolacrimal duct
What is the anatomical structure directly inferior to the nasal cavity?
Nasopharynx
What anatomical structures make up the nasopharynx?
Tonsils/adenoids, and uvula
What anatomical structure is directly inferior to the nasopharynx?
Oropharynx
What anatomical structures make up the oropharynx?
The tongue
What anatomical structure is directly inferior to the oropharynx?
The Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)
What structures make up the laryngopharynx?
The vallecula and the epiglottis
What anatomical structure is directly inferior toe the laryngopharynx?
The larynx
What anatomical structures make up the larynx?
Esophagus, trachea, glottic opening, vocal cords, thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage, and thyroid gland.
Glottis
Liplike opening between the vocal cords
What are all the major anatomical parts of the upper airway in order from superior to inferior?
Nasal cavity, Oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
What are all the major anatomical parts of the lower airway in order from superior to inferior?
Trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lung parenchyma, pleura.
What receptors in the bronchi relax smooth muscle?
Beta 2 receptors
How many divisions are there in the bronchioles?
Approximately 22
Atelactasis
Alveolar collapse
Parenchyma
Principle or essential part of an organ- for the lungs thes are organized into two pulmonary lobules that separate one lung from the other.
How many lobes do each lung have?
Right lung has three lobes while the left lung has only two.
Pleura
Membranous connective tissue covering the lungs.
What are the parts of the pleura?
Visceral and parietal.
What visceral pleura do?
It envelops the lungs and doesn’t contain nerve fibers. Inner most layer.
What does the parietal pleura do?
Lines the thoracic cavity and does contain nerve fibers. Outer most layer.
Pleurisy
Significant pain on respiration due to enflamed pleura.
Respiration
The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.
Ventilation
The mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs.
Diffusion
The movement of gas from an area of high concentration to an are of lower concentration.
PA stands for?
Alveolar partial pressure
Pa stand for?
Arterial partial pressure
Anemia
Decreased hemoglobin concentration.
Partial pressure
the pressure exerted by each component of gas mixture
FiO2
Concentration of oxygen in inspired air.
Hypercarbia
Excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Where is our main respiratory center located?
The medulla oblongata
What are other respiratory drives?
First, the apneustic center, and then the pneumotaxic center. These are both located in the pons.
Hypoxemia
Decreased oxygen level
Hypoxic drive
Mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen climbs.
Tidal volume
Average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle.
Minute volume: Define and give formula
Amount of gas inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute
Minute volume = Tidal volume x respiratory rate
Hering-Breuer Reflex
Reflex where body tells you to stop inhaling so you don’t pop your lungs
What three anatomical features must be in place to have good diffusion?
Respiratory membrane, interstitial space, and endothelial lining.
What three conditions is lung perfusion dependent on?
Adequate blood volume
Intact pulmonary capillaries
Efficient pumping of blood by the heart
What types of meds can be given to help with diffusion problems?
Diuretic agents or anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids, antibiotics)
What can be done to help with perfusion?
Take steps to maintain blood volume, and improve the pumping action of the heart.
What is a common finding in patients with pulmonary embolism?
Rales
