Test 3: Wk11: 2.1 Mechanisms of Ventilation - Dasgupta

Question 1

the — bronchus is slightly higher then then the —

Answer 1

right higher then left

Question 2

the pleural space exerts a — pressure which makes the lungs

Answer 2

negative; stick to chest wall

Question 3

When the diaphragm contracts and shortens it will flatted and

Answer 3

expand the volume of the thorax

Question 4

parietal pleura is innervated by —

can they perceive pain?

Answer 4

intercostal nerves

yes, perceive pan

Question 5

Visceral Pleura innervated by —

Can they perceive pain?

Answer 5

somatic nerves

no pain, only stretch

Question 6

pleuritis

Answer 6

inflammation of pleural cavity

Question 7

pleuritis causes

Answer 7

sharp severe chest pain which gets worse upon inspiration, coughing, sneezing, or laughing

Question 8

Most common cause of pleurisy

Answer 8

viruses

Question 9

Conduction Zone contians

Answer 9

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

Question 10

Transitional and Respiratory Zones contain

Answer 10

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

Question 11

the airways bifurcate — times

Answer 11

~23

Question 12

bifurcations 16-20

Answer 12

transitional zone of the lung

Question 13

bifurcations 20-23

Answer 13

respiratory zone

extensive alveolar structures

Question 14

anatomical dead space of the lung

Answer 14

no gas exchange - conducting zone

Question 15

bifurcations 0-16

Answer 15

conducting zone

Question 16

where does gas exchange occur

Answer 16

the last 4 bifurcations in the alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 17

Apnea:

Answer 17

Complete absence of spontaneous ventilation

Question 18

Eupnea:

Answer 18

Normal spontaneous breathing.

Question 19

Dyspnea:

Answer 19

Difficulty of breathing that the individual is aware of.

Question 20

Bradypnea:

Answer 20

decrease of the respiratory rate

Question 21

Tachypnea:

Answer 21

A rapid rate of breathing.

hyperventilation

Question 22

Orthopnea

Answer 22

dyspnea which occurs when lying flat, causing the

person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair.

Question 23

Compliance is

Answer 23

the measure of lung softness

Question 24

Compliance =

Answer 24

delta V / delta P

Question 25

Residual Volume

Answer 25

there is always a finite amount of air in the lung

Question 26

Pressure in the lung is measure in

Answer 26

cm H2O

Question 27

atmospheric pressure =

Answer 27

0 cm H2O

Question 28

gas partial pressure are expressed in units of

Answer 28

mmHg

Question 29

lungs are

Answer 29

passive

Question 30

energy needed to pump gas into the lungs comes from

Answer 30

the chest wall

Question 31

intrapleural pressure is always --- during restive inhalation

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

the recoil of the lung is

Answer 32

inward

Question 33

the recoil of the chest wal is

Answer 33

outward

Question 34

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 34

amount of air in the lungs when mouth is open and respiratory muscles are relaxed

Question 35

Lung elastic recoil forces are a result of what 2 factors

Answer 35

1. lung tissue elastic recoil | 2. Surface tension forces

Question 36

lung tissue elastic recoil is from

Answer 36

the polymer molecules that make up the lung. When mechanically inflated, they exert a recoil force

Question 37

Surface Tension Forces are from

Answer 37

each alveolus is a water lined compartment where water exerts force that act to reduce the size of the surface - to collapse the lung

Question 38

--- is the main contributor to lung recoil

Answer 38

surface tension

Question 39

--- forces are responsible for surface tension

Answer 39

cohesive

Question 40

within fluid forces are

Answer 40

balanced

Question 41

at the surface of fluid forces are

Answer 41

unbalanced, the surface molecules are pulled inward

Question 42

Laplace's Law

Answer 42

P = T / r/2 T = tension r = radius

Question 43

Laplace's law states that

Answer 43

P is inversely proportional to radius

Question 44

collapsed alveoli are --- but are ---

Answer 44

not ventilated but are perfused

Question 45

Shunt

Answer 45

vascular pathway in which there is no gas exchange

Question 46

right to left shunt

Answer 46

blood comes from the right side of heart and goes through the lung without gas exchange

Question 47

surfactant is made of

Answer 47

90% phospholipids and 10% proteins

Question 48

Surfactant is secreted by

Answer 48

alveoli type II cells

Question 49

the primary surface tension lowering surfactant is

Answer 49

DPPC

Question 50

the hydrophobic end of surfactant allows

Answer 50

surfactant to spread across the fluid surface

Question 51

the hydrophilic components of surfactant

Answer 51

insert themselves between water molecules along the surface lowering surface tension

Question 52

the more concentrated surfactant the more surface tension is

Answer 52

lowered

Question 53

absence of surfactant lung recoil is

Answer 53

very high

Question 54

Alveoli A has radius of r Alveoli B has radius of 2r both have concentration of y surfactant which has higher surface tension?

Answer 54

Alveoli B has higher surface tension because the same amount of surfactant is spread over a larger area 4x more surfactant in A than B surface tension of B is 4x A

Question 55

surface tension is --- to surfactant

Answer 55

inversely proportional

Question 56

Alveoli A has radius of r Alveoli B has radius of 2r which has greater pressure

Answer 56

Alveoli B, B will empty into A until they are equal

Question 57

inhalation is an

Answer 57

active process

Question 58

the diaphragm --- during inhalation

Answer 58

contracts and moves down

Question 59

the external intercostal muscles --- during inhaltion

Answer 59

contract and lift ribs up

Question 60

accessory muscles of shoulder girdle are

Answer 60

not involved in quiet breathing but can be used during exercise, coughing, and sneezing

Question 61

accessory muscles in COPD and emphysema

Answer 61

used for inhalation

Question 62

tripod position

Answer 62

physical stance used in pts with respiratory distress such as COPD bent over with hands on knees

Question 63

normal exhalation is a

Answer 63

passive process

Question 64

during exhalation the diaphragm

Answer 64

relaxes

Question 65

what drives gas out of the lungs

Answer 65

as the diaphragm relaxes, the vol of the thoracic cage and alveoli decrease, alveolar pressure becomes positve and gas leaves

Question 66

what 2 things happen during forced exhalation

Answer 66

1. internal intercostals contract | 2. abdominal muscles contract to push guts and diaphragm up

Question 67

Boyle's Law

Answer 67

at constant temperature, pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to volume

Question 68

Transmural Pressure (Ptm) =

Answer 68

Ptm = Palv - Ppl Palv - alveolar pressure Ppl - intrapleural pressure