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BMS 615 Cardiovascular > Test 3: Wk11: 2.1 Mechanisms of Ventilation - Dasgupta > Flashcards

Test 3: Wk11: 2.1 Mechanisms of Ventilation - Dasgupta Flashcards

1
Q

the — bronchus is slightly higher then then the —

A

right higher then left

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2
Q

the pleural space exerts a — pressure which makes the lungs

A

negative; stick to chest wall

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3
Q

When the diaphragm contracts and shortens it will flatted and

A

expand the volume of the thorax

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4
Q

parietal pleura is innervated by —

can they perceive pain?

A

intercostal nerves

yes, perceive pan

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5
Q

Visceral Pleura innervated by —

Can they perceive pain?

A

somatic nerves

no pain, only stretch

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6
Q

pleuritis

A

inflammation of pleural cavity

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7
Q

pleuritis causes

A

sharp severe chest pain which gets worse upon inspiration, coughing, sneezing, or laughing

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8
Q

Most common cause of pleurisy

A

viruses

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9
Q

Conduction Zone contians

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

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10
Q

Transitional and Respiratory Zones contain

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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11
Q

the airways bifurcate — times

A

~23

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12
Q

bifurcations 16-20

A

transitional zone of the lung

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13
Q

bifurcations 20-23

A

respiratory zone

extensive alveolar structures

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14
Q

anatomical dead space of the lung

A

no gas exchange - conducting zone

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15
Q

bifurcations 0-16

A

conducting zone

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16
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

the last 4 bifurcations in the alveolar ducts and alveoli

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17
Q

Apnea:

A

Complete absence of spontaneous ventilation

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18
Q

Eupnea:

A

Normal spontaneous breathing.

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19
Q

Dyspnea:

A

Difficulty of breathing that the individual is aware of.

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20
Q

Bradypnea:

A

decrease of the respiratory rate

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21
Q

Tachypnea:

A

A rapid rate of breathing.

hyperventilation

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22
Q

Orthopnea

A

dyspnea which occurs when lying flat, causing the

person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair.

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23
Q

Compliance is

A

the measure of lung softness

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24
Q

Compliance =

A

delta V / delta P

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25
Q

Residual Volume

A

there is always a finite amount of air in the lung

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26
Q

Pressure in the lung is measure in

A

cm H2O

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27
Q

atmospheric pressure =

A

0 cm H2O

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28
Q

gas partial pressure are expressed in units of

A

mmHg

29
Q

lungs are

A

passive

30
Q

energy needed to pump gas into the lungs comes from

A

the chest wall

31
Q

intrapleural pressure is always — during restive inhalation

A

negative

32
Q

the recoil of the lung is

A

inward

33
Q

the recoil of the chest wal is

A

outward

34
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

amount of air in the lungs when mouth is open and respiratory muscles are relaxed

35
Q

Lung elastic recoil forces are a result of what 2 factors

A
  1. lung tissue elastic recoil

2. Surface tension forces

36
Q

lung tissue elastic recoil is from

A

the polymer molecules that make up the lung. When mechanically inflated, they exert a recoil force

37
Q

Surface Tension Forces are from

A

each alveolus is a water lined compartment where water exerts force that act to reduce the size of the surface - to collapse the lung

38
Q

— is the main contributor to lung recoil

A

surface tension

39
Q

— forces are responsible for surface tension

A

cohesive

40
Q

within fluid forces are

A

balanced

41
Q

at the surface of fluid forces are

A

unbalanced, the surface molecules are pulled inward

42
Q

Laplace’s Law

A

P = T / r/2

T = tension

r = radius

43
Q

Laplace’s law states that

A

P is inversely proportional to radius

44
Q

collapsed alveoli are — but are —

A

not ventilated but are perfused

45
Q

Shunt

A

vascular pathway in which there is no gas exchange

46
Q

right to left shunt

A

blood comes from the right side of heart and goes through the lung without gas exchange

47
Q

surfactant is made of

A

90% phospholipids and 10% proteins

48
Q

Surfactant is secreted by

A

alveoli type II cells

49
Q

the primary surface tension lowering surfactant is

A

DPPC

50
Q

the hydrophobic end of surfactant allows

A

surfactant to spread across the fluid surface

51
Q

the hydrophilic components of surfactant

A

insert themselves between water molecules along the surface lowering surface tension

52
Q

the more concentrated surfactant the more surface tension is

A

lowered

53
Q

absence of surfactant lung recoil is

A

very high

54
Q

Alveoli A has radius of r
Alveoli B has radius of 2r
both have concentration of y surfactant
which has higher surface tension?

A

Alveoli B has higher surface tension because the same amount of surfactant is spread over a larger area
4x more surfactant in A than B
surface tension of B is 4x A

55
Q

surface tension is — to surfactant

A

inversely proportional

56
Q

Alveoli A has radius of r
Alveoli B has radius of 2r
which has greater pressure

A

Alveoli B, B will empty into A until they are equal

57
Q

inhalation is an

A

active process

58
Q

the diaphragm — during inhalation

A

contracts and moves down

59
Q

the external intercostal muscles — during inhaltion

A

contract and lift ribs up

60
Q

accessory muscles of shoulder girdle are

A

not involved in quiet breathing but can be used during exercise, coughing, and sneezing

61
Q

accessory muscles in COPD and emphysema

A

used for inhalation

62
Q

tripod position

A

physical stance used in pts with respiratory distress such as COPD

bent over with hands on knees

63
Q

normal exhalation is a

A

passive process

64
Q

during exhalation the diaphragm

A

relaxes

65
Q

what drives gas out of the lungs

A

as the diaphragm relaxes, the vol of the thoracic cage and alveoli decrease, alveolar pressure becomes positve and gas leaves

66
Q

what 2 things happen during forced exhalation

A
  1. internal intercostals contract

2. abdominal muscles contract to push guts and diaphragm up

67
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

at constant temperature, pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to volume

68
Q

Transmural Pressure (Ptm) =

A

Ptm = Palv - Ppl

Palv - alveolar pressure
Ppl - intrapleural pressure

BMS 615 Cardiovascular (49 decks)

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