Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS 615 Cardiovascular > Test 1: Wk1: 3 Heart and Vascular Histology - Norton > Flashcards

Test 1: Wk1: 3 Heart and Vascular Histology - Norton Flashcards

1
Q

4 Tissues of the Heart and Vascular Walls

A 
1.
Endothelium
2.
Smooth muscle
3.
Cardiac muscle
4.
Connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines the heart and blood vessels but more than just a lining, it is a sophisticated tissue with multiple functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 Endothelium Functions

A

1 Provides a nonthrombogenic surface

2 Has antithrombotic and prothrombotic properties

3 Regulates vascular tone and blood flow

4 Plays several roles in inflammation and local immune responses

5 Secretes growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does endothelium regulate vascular tone and blood flow

A

flow by secreting factors that
stimulate smooth muscle contraction (endothelin 1, ACE) and
relaxation (NO, prostacyclin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does endothelium play a role in inflammation and immune response

A

in
venules induces specific leukocytes to migrate out of the circulation into
injured or infected tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Smooth muscle found in

A

Found in the walls of all vessels larger than capillaries and in
the endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Smooth Muscle arranged

A

Arranged helically in layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Smooth Muscle BP regulation

A

Blood pressure regulation: in small arteries and arterioles,
SMCs are connected by gap junctions and permit
vasoconstriction and vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Connective tissue made of

A

collagen and elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

collagen location

A

subendothelial layer, between smooth muscle layers

and in the outer covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Elastic Fibers (elastin) located in

A

in elastic arteries, layered between

smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heart

Three major layers

A 
1.
Endocardium
2.
Myocardium
3.
Epicardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endocardium

A

Surface endothelium supported by a layer of fibroelastic

connective tissue + few smooth muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Subendocardium

A

deep to the surface endothelium, connective
tissue (continuous with connective tissue in the myocardium)
which surrounds variable numbers of modified cardiac muscle
fibers that comprise the heart’s impulse conducting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Myocardium

A

Tightly knit, contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally
around each heart chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myocardium is much thicker in — than —

A

ventricles than atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

myocardium of LV is — thicker than RV

A

3x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epicardium composed of — which —

A

adipose tissue; cushions the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Epicardium contains

A

Coronary Vessels
Nerves
Connective Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epicardium covered by

A

Covered by simple squamous mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

simple squamous mesothelium composes

A

Composes visceral and parietal pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

— cells secrete lubricant which reduces friction when the

heart moves during contraction and relaxation

A

Mesothelial cells secrete lubricant which reduces friction when the
heart moves during contraction and relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cardiac skeleton

A

Masses of irregular, dense
connective tissue, primarily in the
endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cardiac skeleton function

A

Anchors valves

Provides insertions for cardiac
muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cardiac Skeleton surrounds

A

the two atrioventricular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cardiac skeleton separates

A

atria from the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Conducting system

A

Initiates the electrical impulse

for contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Conduction System spreads impulse through the

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Modified cardiac muscle fibers

form: 5

A

•
Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular nodes

Atrioventricular bundle of His

Bundle branches right and left

Purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Purkinje fibers branches of

A

right and left bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Purkinje fibers located

A

in subendocardium of both ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Purkinje fibers stain

A

pale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

– have greater diameter than contractile muscle fibers

A

Purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Purkinje fibers have abundant — and sparse bundles of —

A

glycogen; myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Purkinje fibers merge with

A

contractile muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

— trigger waves of contraction through ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are — like skeletal muscle, but they consist of individual
— cells rather than fused cells like in skeletal muscle

A

Cardiac muscle fibers are striated like skeletal muscle, but they consist of individual
cylindrical cells rather than fused cells like in skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cells contain one or two central nuclei and are linked by adherent and gap junctions at
prominent —

A

Cells contain one or two central nuclei and are linked by adherent and gap junctions at
prominent intercalated discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mitochondria occupy — of the cell volume

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sarcomeres of cardiac muscle are organized and function similarly to those of —

A

Sarcomeres of cardiac muscle are organized and function similarly to those of skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Contraction of cardiac muscle is —

A

Contraction of cardiac muscle is all or none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Impulses for contraction are initiated, regulated and coordinated by the — and
— nodes

A

Impulses for contraction are initiated, regulated and coordinated by the sinoatrial and
atrioventricular nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

— nerves regulate the rate of contraction

A

autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Vessels

Three major layers (tunics)

A

Intima
Media
Adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Intima

A

endothelium, thin subendothelial layer of connective
tissue +/ SMCs, and internal elastic lamina, in larger vessels.
In large and medium veins, the intima folds to form valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Media

A

alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen or

elastic lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Adventitia

A 
connective tissue (type I collagen and elastic
fibers), small vessels (vasa vasorum) and nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Arteries

Grouped by size and wall composition

A

Elastic arteries - largest
Muscular - medium
Small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Elastic arteries diameter

A

> 10mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Elastic A Intima

A

Intima: Endothelium, connective tissue with smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Elastic A Media

A

Media: Many elastic lamellae alternating with smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Elastic A Adventitia

A

Adventitia: Connective tissue, thinner than media, with vasa

vasorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Elastic A Role in Circulation

A

Role in Circulation: Called conducting arteries because they conduct
blood from heart to smaller arteries.

55
Q

Expand when heart contracts, reducing blood pressure

A

Elastic A

56
Q

recoil during diastole helps move blood forward under steady pressure

A

Elastic A

57
Q

Elastic A Ex

A

Examples: aorta, pulmonary arteries and their largest branches

58
Q

Muscular A diameter

A

1-10mm

59
Q

Muscular A Intima

A

Intima: Endothelium, connective tissue with smooth muscle,

internal elastic lamina is prominent

60
Q

External elastic lamina present only in larger muscular arteries

A

External elastic lamina present only in larger muscular arteries

61
Q

Muscular A Media

A

Media: Many (up to 40) smooth muscle layers with variable,

decreasing elastic material

62
Q

Muscular A Adventitia

A

Adventitia: Connective tissue, thinner than media, vasa vasorum maybe present

63
Q

Muscular A Role in Circulation

A

in circulation: Called distributing arteries because they
distribute blood to all organs and maintain steady blood
pressure and flow with vasodilation and constriction

64
Q

Small A diameter

A

0.1-1 mm

65
Q

Small A Intima

A

Intima: Endothelium, connective tissue with less smooth

muscle

66
Q

Small A Media

A

Media: 3 to 10 layers of smooth muscle

67
Q

Small A Adventitia

A

Adventitia: Connective tissue, thinner than media, NO vasa

vasorum

68
Q

Small A Role in circulation

A

Role in circulation: Distribute blood to arterioles, adjusting flow
with vasodilation and constriction

69
Q

Microvasculature permeates

A

most organs

70
Q

why are Microvasculature vessels unnamed

A

and too small for surgical manipulation

71
Q

Arterioles

A

one to three smooth muscle layers

72
Q

Capillaries

A

consisting only of an intima endothelial layer

73
Q

Venules

A

large lumens and thin walls, which drain capillaries

74
Q

Terminal arterioles branch into —

A

metarterioles

75
Q

metarterioles

A

smooth muscle
sphincters contract to resist blood flow and relax cyclically to allow
pulsatile flow of blood into an anastomosing capillary bed, where
metabolic exchange with surrounding cells occurs

76
Q

Arterioles diameter

A

10-100 um

77
Q

Arterioles Intima

A

Intima: Endothelium only, NO connective tissue, NO smooth

muscle

78
Q

Arterioles Media

A

Media: 1 to 3 layers of circumferential smooth muscle cells

79
Q

Arterioles Adventitia

A

Adventitia: Very thin connective tissue layer

80
Q

Arterioles Role in Circulation

A

Role in circulation: Resist and control blood flow to capillaries;
major determinant of systemic blood pressure

81
Q

First vessel in microvascular

A

Arterioles

82
Q

Capillaries Diameter and length

A

4-10 um length < 50 um

83
Q

Capillaries Intima

A

simple layer of endothelial cells rolled as a tube,

surrounded by basement membrane

84
Q

Allow transit of blood one at a time

A

Capillaries

85
Q

Capillaries Role in Circulation

A

in circulation: Exchange of metabolites by between blood

and tissues

86
Q

Associated with pericytes

A

Capillaries

87
Q

pericytes

A

perivascular contractile cells with a

variety of functions

88
Q

Capillaries always function in networks called

A

capillary beds

89
Q

Size, shape and density of capillary beds depends on t

A

Size, shape and density of capillary beds depends on the size
and metabolic activity of the tissue being perfused

90
Q

what makes up 90% of vasculature

A

Capillaries

91
Q

Capillary beds are supplied by

A

metarterioles

92
Q

metarterioles

A

continuous with thoroughfare channels and postcapillary venules

93
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

most common, many tight junctions so that all exchange must occur through the cells by
diffusion or transcytosis

94
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

also have tight junctions but perforations (fenestrations) through the endothelial cells allow
greater exchange across the endothelium. Both continuous and fenestrated have continuous basement membrane.
Found in organs where molecular exchange with the blood is important (

95
Q

Discontinuous capillaries or sinusoids

A

larger lumens, large spaces between the endothelial cells, discontinuous
basal lamina. Found in organs where exchange of macromolecules and cells occurs readily between tissue and blood

96
Q

Fenestrated capillaries ex

A

kidneys, endocrine organs, intestinal walls,

choroid plexus)

97
Q

Discontinuous capillaries or sinusoids ex

A

bone marrow, liver, spleen)

98
Q

Venules Diameter

A

10-100um

99
Q

Venules Intima

A

Endothelium; no valves

100
Q

Venules Media

A

Media: Pericytes and scattered smooth muscle cells

101
Q

Venules Adventitia

A

none

102
Q

Venules Role in circulation

A

Role in circulation: Drain capillary beds; site of leukocyte exit
from vasculature into damaged or infected tissue

103
Q

last segment of microvasculature

A

Venules

104
Q

Veins size
small
med
large

A

Small (0.1 1 mm), medium (1 10mm) and large (>10 mm)

105
Q

— that prevent backflow are found in medium and large veins

A

Intimal valves that prevent backflow are found in medium and large veins

106
Q

Veins Intima

A

thin

107
Q

Veins Media

A

small bundles of SMCs and Connective tissue

108
Q

Veins Adventitia

A

collagenous, thick and well developed

109
Q

— become increasingly well developed as vein increases in diameter

A

Tunics become increasingly well developed as vein increases in diameter

110
Q

Small and medium veins usually travel with —

A

Small and medium veins usually travel with muscular arteries

111
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses (AV

A 
Arteriovenous anastomoses (AV
shunts) arterioles can bypass a
capillary bed (skin)
112
Q

Venous portal system

A 
venules
draining a capillary bed quickly
branch again to form another
capillary bed (anterior pituitary,
liver)
113
Q

Arterial portal system

A

afferent
arteriole → capillaries → efferent
arteriole (kidney glomerulus)

114
Q

Carotid sinuses located

A

Located in the internal carotid arteries just after the bifurcations
of the common carotids

115
Q

Carotid sinuses Act as — to monitor — blood pressure

A

Carotid sinuses Act as baroreceptors to monitor arterial blood pressure

116
Q

— is thinner in carotid sinuses and allows for greater — when blood pressure rises

A

Tunica Media; distension

117
Q

Carotid Sinuses Adventitia

A

Adventitia contains many sensory nerve endings from CN IX

(glossopharyngeal

118
Q

— centers in the brain process impulses from the — and adjust vasoconstriction to maintain normal blood pressure

A

Vasomotor centers in the brain process impulses from the carotid sinuses and adjust vasoconstriction to maintain normal blood pressure

119
Q

Carotid and aortic bodies (glomus bodies) are — that monitor —

A

Complex chemoreceptors that monitor CO 2 , O 2 and pH

120
Q

Carotid bodies found in the

A

the walls of the carotid sinuses

121
Q

Aortic bodies found in the arch of the aorta

A

arch of the aorta

122
Q

Carotid and aortic bodies (glomus bodies) are part of the — known as —

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system known as paraganglia

123
Q

paraganglia contain

A

Contain rich capillary networks

124
Q

paraganglia capillaries are surrounded by

A

glomus cells

125
Q

glomus cells contain

A

neurotransmitters

ACh and dopamine

126
Q

paraganglia supported by

A

satellite cells

127
Q

Glomus cell membranes respond to —, — and — by releasing neurotransmitters

A

Glomus cell membranes respond to hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis by releasing neurotransmitters

128
Q

Sensory fibers from CN — synapse with glomus cells, signal brain centers to initiate cardiovascular and respiratory adjustments to correct the condition

A

Sensory fibers from CN IX synapse with glomus cells, signal brain centers to initiate cardiovascular and respiratory adjustments to correct the condition

129
Q

Interstitial fluid that is not pulled into venules by colloidal osmotic
pressure drains as lymph into — — called lymphatics

A

Interstitial fluid that is not pulled into venules by colloidal osmotic
pressure drains as lymph into blind vessels called lymphatics

130
Q

lymphatic capillaries have

A

very think endothelial cell walls with spaces between cells

131
Q

Lymphatics converge into larger, thin walled lymphatic vessels in
which lymph is propelled by movements of surrounding muscles and organs, with — — keeping the flow unidirectional

A

Lymphatics converge into larger, thin walled lymphatic vessels in
which lymph is propelled by movements of surrounding muscles and organs, with intimal valves keeping the flow unidirectional

132
Q

largest lymphatic vessel

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

133
Q

The largest lymphatic vessels, the thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct, both with walls having — return lymph to the circulatory system by joining veins near the —

A

The largest lymphatic vessels, the thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct, both with walls having tunics return lymph to the circulatory system by joining veins near the heart

BMS 615 Cardiovascular (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions