Test 3: Wk 11: 9 High Altitude, Exercise, and Deep Sea Adaptations - Puri Flashcards

1
Q

Owles Point represents

A

ventilation increase above the predicted by an extrapolation of the linear part of the ventilation/ oxygen consumption relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anaerobic Threshold

A

point where alveolar ventilation increase is disproportionate to O2 consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

any increase in O2 consumption beyond owles point leads to

A

greater increase in alveolar ventilation that what is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

disproportionate — occurs after the anaerobic threshold

A

hyperventialtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PaCO2 =

A

PaCO2 = VCO2 / VA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

before anaerobic threshold is reached, VA increases proportional to

A

VCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

at normal work loads PaCO2, PaO2 and pH are — than anaerobic threshold

A

less than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exercise Hyperpnea

A

not hyperventilation, metabolic rate has increased and so has ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

— most likely drives surplus alveolar ventilation during exercise

A

lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lactate — and blood pH — once anaerobic threshold is met

A

incerase; decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

metabolic acidosis stimulates

A

peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inspiration increase disproportionately greater than

A

CO2 production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PaCO2 — and PaO2 — at high workloads due to alveolar ventilation

A

decreases; increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anaerobic threshold

A

point where alveolar ventilation increase is disproportionate to O2 consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

any increase in O2 consumption beyond Owles point leads to

A

greater increase in alveolar ventilation that what is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surplus alveolar ventilation is most likely driven by

A

lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PaCO2 =

A

PaCO2 = VCO2 / VA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

before Anaerobic threshold is reached

A

VA increases proportional to VCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

at normal workloads PaCO2, PaPO2, and pH are — than anaerobic threshold

A

less than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Exercise Hyperpnea

A

not hyperventilation

metabolic rate has increased and so has ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lactate — and blood pH — once anaerobic threshold is met

A

metabolic acidosis stimulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

metabolic acidosis stimulates

A

peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ventilation increases disproportionately greater than

A

CO2 production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PaCO2 — and PaO2 — at high workloads due to alveolar ventilation

A

decreases; increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
--- will not be effected until ventilation changes
PaCO2
26
Impaired mental function from hypoxia is due to
direct effect of hypoxia on brain tissue and from cerebral vasoconstriction from hypocapnia
27
cerebral vasoconstriction is causes by
hypocapnia
28
Acute exposure altitude sickness 5km sx
amnesia, dizziness, breathless at rest, insomnia, anorexia
29
Acute exposure altitude sickness 10km sx
loss of consciousness
30
Acute exposure altitude sickness ~20km sx
body fluids boil
31
why does hyperventilation occur during acclimation to high altitude
increased sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors
32
PAO2 =
PAO2 = PIO2 - PACO2
33
PIO2 at high altitudes
decreases
34
Hypercapnia
higher than normal PaCO@ >45
35
Hypocapnia
lower than normal PaCO2 <40
36
Hypocapnia can result only from an alveolar ventilation that is
excessive in relation | to carbon dioxide production
37
--- is a common cause of hypocapnia
Hypoxemia
38
Hypoxemia occurs in
congenital heart disease | with right- to-left shunting, residence at high altitude, Po2 below about 60mmHg.
39
Hypocapnia secondary to hypoxaemia opposes the
ventilatory response to the | hypoxemia.
40
Metabolic acidosis produces a compensatory
hyperventilation
41
Neurological disorders may result in --- and ---
hyperventilation and hypocapnia
42
Hypercapnia is most commonly caused by
ventilatory failure due to acute or chronic conditions
43
ARDS is an example of
acute ventilatory failure
44
COPD is an example of
chronic ventilatory failure
45
every 10m of seawater is --- atm
1 additional atm
46
10m below surface of sea atm =
2 atm
47
N2 is highly lipid soluble and | high N2 interferes with
ion channels and slows ion conductance
48
Mild nitrogen narcosis resembles
alcohol | intoxication
49
“Martini’s law”
each 15 m of depth has the effects of drinking an additional martini.
50
Solution to nitrogen necrosis in scuba diving
replace nitrogen with helium in the SCUBA tanks. Helium is more inert than nitrogen and has less side effects.
51
Mild oxygen toxicity
disorientation and headaches
52
Severe oxygen toxicity
damage to the airways, pulmonary edema, coma, and death.
53
solution to oxygen toxicity in scuba diving
scuba tank mixture is typically 98% helium and inly 2% oxygen. This is enough to achieve PaO2 similar to sea levels due to high barometric pressures
54
Decompression sickness (DCS or bends) is caused by
local bubble formation, | either in tissues or in venous blood
55
DCS Bubbles in veins cause
obstruction, leading to capillary leaks
56
Mild or type I DCS
mild pains (“niggles”), pruritus, a skin rash, and deep throbbing pain (bends),
57
Serious or type II DCS
CNS, lungs, and circulatory system.
58
CNS disorder in dysbarism
most commonly involving the spinal cord—reflects bubble formation in the myelin sheath of axons, which compromises nerve conduction dizziness—the staggers—to paralysis.
59
Pulmonary symptoms in dysbarism
the chokes— result from bubbles that originate in the systemic veins and travel as gas emboli to lodge in the pulmonary circulation, and include burning pain on inspiration
60
circulatory system dysbarism
bubbles not only can obstruct blood flow but also can trigger the coagulation cascade, leading to the release of vasoactive substance
61
Arterial gas embolization (AGE) is caused by
bubbles that enter the systemic arterial blood via either tears in the alveoli or right-to-left shunts and then become wedged in the brain or other organs.
62
Best treatment of dysbarism is
recompression