Test 2: Wk5: 1 Introduction to renal structure and function - Mangiarua Flashcards by Zane Griffith

Balance Concept

amounts ingested and produced must equal the amounts excreted and catabolized

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7 Functions of the Kidneys

water and electrolyte balance
BP and ECF Vol Regulation
Excretion
RBC production Regulation
Acid-Base Balance
VitD production Calcium and Phosphate balance
Gluconeogenesis

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The kidney consists of a — and — substance and a — that connects it with the ureter

cortical
medullary
pelvis

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the medulla is subdivided into

inner and outer section

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what is the functional unit of the kidney

the nephron

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how many nephrons per kidney in adult human

1 million

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Bowman’s capsule

expanded blind end of the uriniferous tubule

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Bowman’s Space

area receiving filtrate of blood

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tuft of capillaries which nearly fills bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus

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two types of glomerular mesangial cells

Phagocytic and nonphagocytic

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Phagocytic glomerular mesangial cells do what

keep glomerular membranes clean and functional

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Nonphagocytic glomerular mesangial cells do what

function as contractile cells to regulate surface areas and filtration

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3 layers of glomerular membranes

1 endothelium
2 basement membrane
3 epithelium

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Glomerular Endothelium structure

fenestrated capillary that is freely permeable to large molecules

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Glomerular Endothelium function

screens out cells creating filtrate

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Glomerular Basement Membrane function

barrier to large proteins and lipids

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Glomerular Epithelium is composed of

podocytes

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Glomerular Epithelium - Foot Processes

attached to basement membrane

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Glomerular Epithelium - adjacent pedicels are separated by — bridged by pores

filtration slits

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The proteins that make up the slit diaphragm between to adjacent foot processes do what

interact with intracellular proteins to facilitate filtration

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Glomerulonephritis -

renal dz with bilateral inflammatory changes in glomeruli

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Glomerulonephritis is characterized by (3)

1 decreased production of urine
2 Blood and Protein in urine
3 Edema

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a

nonspecific disorder

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Nephrotic Syndrome is Characterized by (4)

severe proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Hyperlipidemia
Generalized edema

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Nephrotic Syndrome is cased by various disorders that ---. Mutations in several genes that encode for ---

damage glomeruli slit diaphragm proteins

Nephritic Syndrome is not a specific disorder and is clinically characterized by (6)

1. edema 2. hypertension 3. hematuria 4. elevated serum creatinine 5. azotemia 6. oliguria

azotemia -

increased blood urea nitrogen BUN | Increased Urea

oliguria -

low urine output

The tubule is made of --- --- Junctions are present btwn adjacent cells

single layer epithelial cells tight

Proximal tubule is connected to

Bowman's capsule

what is the major site of reabsorption of filtered fluid

Proximal Tubule

The proximal tubule is distinguished by its

large surface area

the apical membrane of the proximal tubule has

extensive non-motile brush border of microvilli

the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule has --- and ---

multiple infoldings of cell membrane and basal projections

proximal tubule basolateral membrane structure allows for

large lateral intracellular spaces/ channels

the proximal tubule has a lot of --- which line the ---

mitochondria basolateral membrane

Henle's Loop configuration results in

countercurrent flow of the tubular fluid

Loops are close together and can influence

electrolyte and water transport in each other

Distal Tubule returns to the cortex and makes contact with --- and --- of the renal corpuscle

afferent and efferent arterioles

Distal Tubule is the site of the

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus JGA

JGA 3 cell types

1. Macula Densa 2. Granular 3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Macula Densa Cells are specialized --- cells located in

epithelial; late thick ascending Loop of Henle/ early distal tubule

Macula Densa Cells provide information on (3)

1. volume 2. flow 3. NaCl conc.

Macula Densa Cells interdigitate with

the other 2 JGA cell types

Granular cells are differentiated --- in the walls of the --- and ---

SMCs afferent and efferent arterioles

Granular Cells secrete what hormone

Renin

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells exhibit

phagocytic activity

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells are similar to and continuous with

interglomerular mesangial cells

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells communicate with --- via ---

granular cells via gap junctions

In the JGA the distal tubule is --- than the proximal tubule

shorter

The JGA is --- to water

impermeable

Collecting tubule system consists of (4)

1. connecting tubule 2. initial portion of cortical collecting duct 3. cortical duct 4. medullary collecting duct

Collecting tubule system receives --- fluid from --- on its course from the --- to the ---

tubular fluid from distal tubules cortex to the inner medulla

several collecting ducts fuse together near the tip of papillae to form --- which can drain --- nephrons

papillary ducts of Bellini 3000

--- is the site of "fine tuning" tubular fluid composition which result in fine control of ---

Collecting Tubule System ECF composition

Collecting Tubule System principal cells respond to (3 hormones)

ADH ANP Aldosterone

Collecting Tubule System intercalated cells (2 types and their function)

alpha - H+ secretion Beta - Bicarb secretion

Does the kidney have vagal nerve supply

the SNS innervates (3)

1. SM of efferent and afferent arterioles 2. Granular cells in afferent arteriole 3. Basement membrane of proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct

SNS stimulation of SM of efferent and afferent arterioles causes

vasocontriction

SNS stimulation of Granular cells in afferent arteriole causes

increased release of renin

SNS stimulation of Basement membrane of proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct causes

increased Na reabsorption

The lymphatic network drains the --- and is not seen in the --- and ---

cortex medulla and papillae

Blood Flow through the kidney

see slide 21

Glomerular capillaries are located between

2 arterioles

Glomerular Filtration -

the bulk flow of essentially protein free plasma from the glomerular capillaries into bowman's capsule

Glomerular Filtration (4 functions)

1. occurs only in glomerulus 2. no active transport 3. sieving blood 4. permeability selective

Tubular Secretion

transfer of materials from the peritubular- capillary plasma to the tubular lumen

Tubular Secretion (3 functions)

1. highly selective 2. active and passive transport 3. occurs throughout nephron

Tubular Reabsorbtion

transfer of materials from lumen of the tubule to the peritubular capillary

Tubular Reabsorption (3 functions)

1. highly selective 2. active and passive transport 3. occurs throughout nephron

Water: Filtered per day Amount Excreted % Reabsorbed

180 L 1.8L 99%

Sodium: Filtered per day Amount Excreted % Reabsorbed

630g 3. 2g 99. 5%

Glucoes: Filtered per day Amount Excreted % Reabsorbed

180g 0 100%

Urea: Filtered per day Amount Excreted % Reabsorbed

56g 28g 50%