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Anatomy 2 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

renal sinus

A
  • Located in a hollow chamber on the medial side of the kidney
  • blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter pass through it
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2
Q

renal pelvis

A
  • located mostly inside the renal sinus
  • directs the urine formed by the kidney toward the ureter
  • formed by the convergence of two or three tubes, called major calyces
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3
Q

renal medulla vs. renal cortex

A

renal medulla:
- composed of conical masses of tissue called renal pyramids
renal cortex:
-appears somewhat granular, forms a shell around the medulla

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4
Q

renal pyramids

A

-transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder.

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5
Q

nephrons (cortical vs. juxtamedullary)

A
  • radiate out
    -responsible for urine formation
    cortical:
    -generally have short loops that extend only part way into the renal medulla
    juxtamedullary:
    -have corpuscles located deep in the cortex, close to the renal medulla
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6
Q

renal corpuscles

A
  • only found on the cortex
  • composed of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
  • has two poles the vascular and urinary
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7
Q

glomeruli

A
  • found only in the renal cortex
  • hydrostatic pressure to push the blood plasma through fenestrations
  • glomerular filtration occurs here
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8
Q

Bowman’s capsule (parietal layer vs. visceral layer)

A
  • surrounds the glomerus
    -the area in-between the parietal and visceral is called the urinary space
    visceral:
    -podocytes
    parietal:
    -made of simple squamous epithelium
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9
Q

podocytes

A
  • have finger projections and contain slit pores

- red blood cells do not fit through the slits

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10
Q

proximal convoluted tubules vs. distal convoluted tubules

A

-they are both composed of simple cuboidal epithelium
proximal:
-a highly coiled area that leads away from the renal tubule
-the loop of henle follows after it
-best at reabsorption
-less nuclei and a smaller lumen
distal:
-is shorter and less coiled than the proximal
-lot of nuclei & a large lumen

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11
Q

loops of Henle

A

-portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.

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12
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • close to/ beside the glomerulus
  • made up of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
  • regulation of renin
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13
Q

macula densa

A
  • located in the distal convoluted tubules
  • faces the afferent arterioles
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • contains a lot of nuclei
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14
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A
  • synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin.
  • They are specialized smooth muscle cells and are part of tunica media
  • sandwiched in-between the macula densa and afferent arterioles
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15
Q

peritubular capillaries

A
  • around the tubes of the kidneys

- where the filtrates deposit into

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16
Q

GFR

A
  • caused by hydrostatic filtration

- the force of blood pressure drives filtration at capillaries throughout the body

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17
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A
  • vasoconstriction,increase aldosterone, increase ADH, thirst is caused
  • Renin is produced in the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arterioles
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18
Q

ACE

A
  • lowers blood pressure
  • stands for angiotensin converting enzyme
  • changes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
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19
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A
  • a powerful vasodilator, and a hormone secreted by heart muscle cells
  • inhibits the renin-angiotensin system
  • lowers blood pressure
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20
Q

tubular reabsorption vs. tubular secretion

A
  • needs hormones to tell it to reabsorb
  • done in collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule
  • proximal convoluted tubule is the main site of reabsorption
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21
Q

hypertonic vs. hypotonic

A
  • hypertonic: causing water to move out of the cell.(Greater concentration)
  • hypotonic:causes water to move into the cell (lesser concentration)
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22
Q

countercurrent mechanism

A
  • occurs in the loop of Henle
  • descending limb: water is sucked out because the substance becomes more hypotonic
  • ascending: sodium exits reabsorbing salt
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23
Q

ADH

A
  • causes kidneys to reduce water excretion

- hypothalamus> neurohypophysis

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24
Q

micturition reflex

A
  • the sacral portion of the spinal cord
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25
Q

aldosterone

A
  • stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium

- comes from the adrenal cortex of the glomerolosa

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26
Q

gubernaculum

A

-a fibrous cord attached to each developing testis and extends into the inguinal region of the abdominal cavity

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27
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

-these tubules course posteriorly and unite to form a complex network of channels called the rete testis

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28
Q

epididymis

A

-the rete testis is in the mediastinum testis and gives rise to several ducts that join a tube

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29
Q

Leydig cells

A
  • lies between the seminiferous tubules

- produce and secrete male sex hormones

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30
Q

Sertoli cells

A

-the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of supporting cells called sustentacular cells(Sertoli)

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31
Q

meiosis vs. mitosis

A

meiosis:
-includes two successive divisions called the first and second meiotic divisions
mitosis:
-only one cell division

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32
Q

haploid vs. diploid

A

haploid:
-cells emerge from meiosis 1 with one member of each homologous pair
-a haploid cell has one set of chromosomes
diploid:
-has two sets of chromosomes that are in the form of 23 homologous chromosome pairs

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33
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

-the same, gene for gene

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34
Q

centromeres

A

-regions that the chromatids of a replicated chromosome attach at

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35
Q

synapsis and cross over

A
  • synapsis: the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes touch at various points along their lengths
  • cross over: an exchange between homologous chromosomes produces chromatids that contain genetic information from both parents
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36
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • the moment when the membrane is splitting into two

- happens during Anaphase1&2

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37
Q

acrosomal cap

A

-contains enzymes that aid the sperm cell in penetrating the layers surrounding the oocyte during fertilization

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38
Q

vas deferens

A

-each testis carries a developing vas deferns that in later development will form parts of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis in the scrotum

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39
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

-passes through the prostrate gland and empties into the urethra through a slitlike opening

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40
Q

seminal vesicle

A

-are convoluted, saclike structures about 5cm long, each attached to the ductus deferent on the posterior surface and near the base of the urinary bladder

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41
Q

prostrate gland

A
  • just inferior to the urinary bladder

- secretes a thin, milky fluid

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42
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

-inferior to the prostrate gland lateral to the intermediate part of the urethra and are enclosed by muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm

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43
Q

capacitation

A
  • weakens the acrosomal membranes
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44
Q

corpus spongiosum

A
  • one of the three columns of the shaft of the penis
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45
Q

GnRH

A
  • secretes gonadotropins

- comes from the hypothalamus

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46
Q

primordial follicles vs. primary follicles

A

primordial follicles:
-formed by each primary oocyte being closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells
primary follicles:
-primordial follicles mature into primary follicles

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47
Q

secondary follicles vs. Graafian follicles

A

Graafian follicles:

  • the mature antral follicle
  • its fluid-filled cavity bulges outward on the surface of the ovary, like a blister
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48
Q

polar bodies

A

-when a primary oocyte divides, the cytoplasm is distributed unequally

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49
Q

granulosa cells

A

a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete

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50
Q

thecal cells

A
  • follicles of the ovaries
  • endocrine cells that synthesize estrogen and progesterone
  • after ovulation they become part of the corpus luteum
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51
Q

zona pellucida

A
  • a layer of glycoprotein
  • acellular, made of fibers
  • surrounds the egg like a shield
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52
Q

corona radiata

A

-mantle of follicular cells attached to the secondary oocytes within the mature follicle is large, spherical cell, surrounded by a thick zona pellucida

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53
Q

corpus luteum vs. corpus albicans

A
  • corpus luteum: what is left of the follicle after ovulation
  • corpus albicans: if the follicle doesn’t become pregnant then the corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans.
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54
Q

follicular phase vs. luteal phase

A

follicular
-before ovulation
luteal
-same as secretory phase

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55
Q

proliferative phase vs. secretory phase

A
  • proliferative phase: increasing concentration of esterogens during the first week or so of a reproductive cycle changes the uterine lining, thickening the glandular endometrium
  • secretory phase: Progesterone makes the endometrium more vascular and glandular. It also stimulates the uterine glands to secrete more glycogen and lipids
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56
Q

hCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.

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57
Q

cleavage

A

-rapid cell division and distribution of the zygote’s cytoplasm into progressively smaller cells

58
Q

blastomeres

A

-The resulting smaller cells from cleavage

59
Q

morula

A

-a solid ball made up of about 16 cells; it remains unattached within the uterine cavity for about 3 days while cell division continues.

60
Q

blastocyst

A
  • created from the morula, but is now a hollowed out structure, with no zone pellucida
  • at this stage it adheres to the endometrium
61
Q

embryo proper

A

-the body of the developing offspring

62
Q

embryoblast vs. trophoblast

A

inner cell mass:
-eventually give rise to the embryo proper
outer cell mass:
-develops into structures that assist the development of the embryo proper
-made up from the cells that form the wall of the blastocyst
-secretes the hormone hCG

63
Q

chorion

A
  • the joining of two layers: a second layer of cells that line the already existing trophoblast.
  • the outermost extra embryonic membrane
  • part of the placenta
64
Q

chorionic villi

A
  • slender projections that grow out from the trophoblast
  • increasingly complex ad highly branched
  • become apparent at the end of four weeks
  • filter blood
65
Q

amnion

A
  • a second membrane, developed around the embryo proper (ectoderm)
  • appears during the second week
  • controls the temp of the amniotic fluid
  • allows for skeletal muscular development
66
Q

umbilical cord

A

the amnion envelopes the tissues on the underside of the embryo, particularly the connecting stalk, by which it is attached to the chorion and the developing placenta

67
Q

yolk sac

A
  • forms during the second week and is attached to the underside of the embryonic disk(endoderm)
  • forms blood cells in the early stages of development and gives rise to the cells that later become sex cells.
  • incorporated into the digestive tract
68
Q

allantois

A
  • forms during the third week as a tube extending from the early yolk sac into the connecting stalk(endoderm)
  • gives rise to the umbilical blood vessels
69
Q

decidua

A

basalis: area of the uterine wall where the villi attach, forms the placenta
capsularis:
parietals:

70
Q

gastrula

A
  • formed by the cells of the embryonic disc fold inward
  • takes place during the third week
  • formation of the three primary germ layers
71
Q

primary germ layers

A

ectoderm-outer layer of the embryonic disk; PNS, CNS, epidermis
mesoderm-forms between outer layer and inner layer; dermis
endoderm-inner layer of the embryonic disk; lining of the lungs

72
Q

teratogens

A

-factors that cause congenital malformations by affecting an embryo during its period of rapid growth and development or the specialization of structures during fetal development

73
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

-a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus.

74
Q

blastocoel

A

-the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula.

75
Q

trophoblastic lacunae

A
  • one of the spaces in the early syncytiotrophoblastic layer of the chorion before the formation of villi
  • collects blood, which eventually form the placenta
  • house the chronionic villi
76
Q

thalidomide

A
  • used today to treat leprosy and certain blood disorders
  • a mild tranquilizer, that all of the deformed infants had taken early in pregnancy during the time of limb formation as the cause.
  • example of teratogens
77
Q

neural tube

A
  • a sheet of ectoderm folds to form it
  • also called the dorsal induction
  • the closing of the neural groove
78
Q

notochord

A
  • mesoderm
  • sends chemicals to the ectoderm, which create the neural tube
  • eventually becomes the pulp of the intervertebral
79
Q

somites

A
  • mesoderm->eventually become bones, muscles, and dermis

- each of a number of body segments containing the same internal structures (found in the embryonic stages of vertebrae)

80
Q

intraembryonic cavities

A
  • a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm during the third week of development.
  • later will form the other body cavities
  • located in-between the parietal and visceral lateral mesoderm(plates)
81
Q

anencephaly vs. spina bifida

A

anencephaly:
-the neural tube not closing up in the brain
spina bifida
-an opening in the tail end of the spine

82
Q

ductus venosus

A
  • allows blood to bypass the live
83
Q

foramen ovale

A

-how blood enters the right atrium and partially bypasses the lungs

84
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

-how blood enters the pulmonary trunk partially bypassing the lungs

85
Q

oxytocin/ positive feedback

A

-stimulates powerful uterine contractions
positive feedback system:
-stimulates more contractions in birth after stimulation

86
Q

prolactin

A
  • synthesized from early pregnancy throughout gestation, peaking at the time of birth
87
Q

colostrum

A

-first milk, holds a lot of antibodies and proteins

88
Q

apoptosis

A

-a form of programmed cell death. It occurs throughout life, shaping organs

89
Q

amniocentesis

A

-needle inserted into the amniotic sac withdraws about 5 millimeters of fluid

90
Q

What are the 2 functions of the urinary space?

A
  1. to conserve water

2. to eliminate metabolic waste and excess salts

91
Q

What are the three structures that enter/exit the kidneys?

A

renal a, renal v, ureter

92
Q

Would you have more nephrons or collecting ducts

A

nephrons

93
Q

What is the prominent structure int he medulla

A

collecting ducts

94
Q

If you have 12 pyramids how many minor calyxes will you have?

A

12

95
Q

Where is angiotensinogen made?

A

Liver

96
Q

Where is renin made?

A

kidneys

97
Q

What part of the nephron does aldosterone trigger?

A

distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

98
Q

What epithelium make up proximal and distal?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

99
Q

Which vertebrae locations are kidneys found?

A

T12 and L3

100
Q

Which kidney is higher?

A

the left kidney is higher

101
Q

What are the three types of cells that are found in corpuscles?

A

podocytes, endothelium, and erythrocytes

102
Q

What are the phases of meiosis

A

prophase (all DNA is heterochromatin), metaphase (centrioles contract and shorten), anaphase (cytokenises begins), telophase (two separate cells)

103
Q

When are tetrads present?

A

prophase 1 and metaphase 1

104
Q

Name two cells that sit on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules?

A

sertoli and spermatogonia

105
Q

Is the spermatogonia diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

106
Q

what process does spermatogonia go through?

A

mitosis

107
Q

secondary spermatocyte is what process and is it diploid/haploid?

A

haploid & meiosis 2

108
Q

primary spermatogonia

A

meiosis 1 & diploid

109
Q

spermatids

A

spermiogenesis & haploid

110
Q

Where are spermatozoa stored?

A

vas deferens and epididymis

111
Q

intermediate mesoderm make up what after development?

A

gonads and kidneys

112
Q

is it possible to have both a neural tube and neural groove?

A

True

113
Q

Where is the detrusor muscle found?

A

inner wall of the urinary bladder

114
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

lowers blood pressure, inhibits renin-angiotensin system, inhibits sodium and H20 reabsorption

115
Q

Are more nephrons in the kidney cortical or juxtamedullary?

A

cortical

116
Q

The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of what?

A

podocytes

117
Q

The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped opening of what?

A

ureter

118
Q

The countercurrent mechanism is associated with which nephron component?

A

loop of Henle

119
Q

Which nephron component is directly connected to a collecting duct?

A

distal convoluted tubule

120
Q

renal corpuscles are only located where?

A

kidney cortex

121
Q

T/F the corpus albicans is in the uterus

A

False found in the ovaries

122
Q

T/F Spermatogonia are diploid

A

True

123
Q

T/F Sertoli cells are int he walls of seminiferous tubules

A

T

124
Q

T/F Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is made in the hypothalamus.

A

T

125
Q

T/F The luteal phase of the ovaries occurs after ovulation

A

T

126
Q

T/F The corona radiate consists of granulosa cells

A

True

127
Q

T/F primary follicles are ovulated

A

F

128
Q

T/F Twin chromatids are pulled apart during anaphase 2.

A

F

129
Q

T/F Synapsis occurs in both meiosis and mitosis

A

F

130
Q

T/F Polar bodies are diploid

A

F, they are haploid

131
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death; create finger digits, we start with paddles and then cells die to give grooves between fingers

132
Q

morula

A

Ball of undifferentiated cells called blastomeres

133
Q

amniocentesis

A

Test to determine fetal sex or chromosomal abnormality (downs syndrome)

134
Q

decidua basalis

A

chorionic villi are extensive in this area

135
Q

First Week timeline

A

Fertilization(1)>Cleavage(2)>Blastocyst(4)>

Implantation(6)>Trophoblast(7)

136
Q

Second Week timeline

A

Amnion(8)>yolk sac(9)>decidua capsularis(10)

137
Q

Third Week timeline

A

gastrulation(15)>allantois(16)>heart(18)>dorsal induction(18)>somites(19)

138
Q

When does the embryo fold and the heart begin to beat?

A

Day22

139
Q

When is embryonic stage?

A

Day 1- End of week 8

140
Q

How long is fetal life

A

32 Weeks

141
Q

When is organogenesis complete?

A

at the end of 8 weeks

142
Q

When are neural tube developed, head and tail?

A

head-27 days

tail- 36 days

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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