Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
renal sinus
A
- Located in a hollow chamber on the medial side of the kidney
- blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter pass through it
2
Q
renal pelvis
A
- located mostly inside the renal sinus
- directs the urine formed by the kidney toward the ureter
- formed by the convergence of two or three tubes, called major calyces
3
Q
renal medulla vs. renal cortex
A
renal medulla:
- composed of conical masses of tissue called renal pyramids
renal cortex:
-appears somewhat granular, forms a shell around the medulla
4
Q
renal pyramids
A
-transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder.
5
Q
nephrons (cortical vs. juxtamedullary)
A
- radiate out
-responsible for urine formation
cortical:
-generally have short loops that extend only part way into the renal medulla
juxtamedullary:
-have corpuscles located deep in the cortex, close to the renal medulla
6
Q
renal corpuscles
A
- only found on the cortex
- composed of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
- has two poles the vascular and urinary
7
Q
glomeruli
A
- found only in the renal cortex
- hydrostatic pressure to push the blood plasma through fenestrations
- glomerular filtration occurs here
8
Q
Bowman’s capsule (parietal layer vs. visceral layer)
A
- surrounds the glomerus
-the area in-between the parietal and visceral is called the urinary space
visceral:
-podocytes
parietal:
-made of simple squamous epithelium
9
Q
podocytes
A
- have finger projections and contain slit pores
- red blood cells do not fit through the slits
10
Q
proximal convoluted tubules vs. distal convoluted tubules
A
-they are both composed of simple cuboidal epithelium
proximal:
-a highly coiled area that leads away from the renal tubule
-the loop of henle follows after it
-best at reabsorption
-less nuclei and a smaller lumen
distal:
-is shorter and less coiled than the proximal
-lot of nuclei & a large lumen
11
Q
loops of Henle
A
-portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.
12
Q
juxtaglomerular apparatus
A
- close to/ beside the glomerulus
- made up of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
- regulation of renin
13
Q
macula densa
A
- located in the distal convoluted tubules
- faces the afferent arterioles
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- contains a lot of nuclei
14
Q
juxtaglomerular cells
A
- synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin.
- They are specialized smooth muscle cells and are part of tunica media
- sandwiched in-between the macula densa and afferent arterioles
15
Q
peritubular capillaries
A
- around the tubes of the kidneys
- where the filtrates deposit into
16
Q
GFR
A
- caused by hydrostatic filtration
- the force of blood pressure drives filtration at capillaries throughout the body
17
Q
renin-angiotensin system
A
- vasoconstriction,increase aldosterone, increase ADH, thirst is caused
- Renin is produced in the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arterioles
18
Q
ACE
A
- lowers blood pressure
- stands for angiotensin converting enzyme
- changes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
19
Q
atrial natriuretic peptide
A
- a powerful vasodilator, and a hormone secreted by heart muscle cells
- inhibits the renin-angiotensin system
- lowers blood pressure
20
Q
tubular reabsorption vs. tubular secretion
A
- needs hormones to tell it to reabsorb
- done in collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule
- proximal convoluted tubule is the main site of reabsorption
21
Q
hypertonic vs. hypotonic
A
- hypertonic: causing water to move out of the cell.(Greater concentration)
- hypotonic:causes water to move into the cell (lesser concentration)
22
Q
countercurrent mechanism
A
- occurs in the loop of Henle
- descending limb: water is sucked out because the substance becomes more hypotonic
- ascending: sodium exits reabsorbing salt
23
Q
ADH
A
- causes kidneys to reduce water excretion
- hypothalamus> neurohypophysis
24
Q
micturition reflex
A
- the sacral portion of the spinal cord
25
aldosterone
- stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium
| - comes from the adrenal cortex of the glomerolosa
26
gubernaculum
-a fibrous cord attached to each developing testis and extends into the inguinal region of the abdominal cavity
27
seminiferous tubules
-these tubules course posteriorly and unite to form a complex network of channels called the rete testis
28
epididymis
-the rete testis is in the mediastinum testis and gives rise to several ducts that join a tube
29
Leydig cells
- lies between the seminiferous tubules
| - produce and secrete male sex hormones
30
Sertoli cells
-the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of supporting cells called sustentacular cells(Sertoli)
31
meiosis vs. mitosis
meiosis:
-includes two successive divisions called the first and second meiotic divisions
mitosis:
-only one cell division
32
haploid vs. diploid
haploid:
-cells emerge from meiosis 1 with one member of each homologous pair
-a haploid cell has one set of chromosomes
diploid:
-has two sets of chromosomes that are in the form of 23 homologous chromosome pairs
33
homologous chromosomes
-the same, gene for gene
34
centromeres
-regions that the chromatids of a replicated chromosome attach at
35
synapsis and cross over
- synapsis: the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes touch at various points along their lengths
- cross over: an exchange between homologous chromosomes produces chromatids that contain genetic information from both parents
36
cytokinesis
- the moment when the membrane is splitting into two
| - happens during Anaphase1&2
37
acrosomal cap
-contains enzymes that aid the sperm cell in penetrating the layers surrounding the oocyte during fertilization
38
vas deferens
-each testis carries a developing vas deferns that in later development will form parts of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis in the scrotum
39
ejaculatory duct
-passes through the prostrate gland and empties into the urethra through a slitlike opening
40
seminal vesicle
-are convoluted, saclike structures about 5cm long, each attached to the ductus deferent on the posterior surface and near the base of the urinary bladder
41
prostrate gland
- just inferior to the urinary bladder
| - secretes a thin, milky fluid
42
bulbourethral glands
-inferior to the prostrate gland lateral to the intermediate part of the urethra and are enclosed by muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm
43
capacitation
- weakens the acrosomal membranes
44
corpus spongiosum
- one of the three columns of the shaft of the penis
45
GnRH
- secretes gonadotropins
| - comes from the hypothalamus
46
primordial follicles vs. primary follicles
primordial follicles:
-formed by each primary oocyte being closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells
primary follicles:
-primordial follicles mature into primary follicles
47
secondary follicles vs. Graafian follicles
Graafian follicles:
- the mature antral follicle
- its fluid-filled cavity bulges outward on the surface of the ovary, like a blister
48
polar bodies
-when a primary oocyte divides, the cytoplasm is distributed unequally
49
granulosa cells
a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete
50
thecal cells
- follicles of the ovaries
- endocrine cells that synthesize estrogen and progesterone
- after ovulation they become part of the corpus luteum
51
zona pellucida
- a layer of glycoprotein
- acellular, made of fibers
- surrounds the egg like a shield
52
corona radiata
-mantle of follicular cells attached to the secondary oocytes within the mature follicle is large, spherical cell, surrounded by a thick zona pellucida
53
corpus luteum vs. corpus albicans
- corpus luteum: what is left of the follicle after ovulation
- corpus albicans: if the follicle doesn't become pregnant then the corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans.
54
follicular phase vs. luteal phase
follicular
-before ovulation
luteal
-same as secretory phase
55
proliferative phase vs. secretory phase
- proliferative phase: increasing concentration of esterogens during the first week or so of a reproductive cycle changes the uterine lining, thickening the glandular endometrium
- secretory phase: Progesterone makes the endometrium more vascular and glandular. It also stimulates the uterine glands to secrete more glycogen and lipids
56
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.
57
cleavage
-rapid cell division and distribution of the zygote's cytoplasm into progressively smaller cells
58
blastomeres
-The resulting smaller cells from cleavage
59
morula
-a solid ball made up of about 16 cells; it remains unattached within the uterine cavity for about 3 days while cell division continues.
60
blastocyst
- created from the morula, but is now a hollowed out structure, with no zone pellucida
- at this stage it adheres to the endometrium
61
embryo proper
-the body of the developing offspring
62
embryoblast vs. trophoblast
inner cell mass:
-eventually give rise to the embryo proper
outer cell mass:
-develops into structures that assist the development of the embryo proper
-made up from the cells that form the wall of the blastocyst
-secretes the hormone hCG
63
chorion
- the joining of two layers: a second layer of cells that line the already existing trophoblast.
- the outermost extra embryonic membrane
- part of the placenta
64
chorionic villi
- slender projections that grow out from the trophoblast
- increasingly complex ad highly branched
- become apparent at the end of four weeks
- filter blood
65
amnion
- a second membrane, developed around the embryo proper (ectoderm)
- appears during the second week
- controls the temp of the amniotic fluid
- allows for skeletal muscular development
66
umbilical cord
the amnion envelopes the tissues on the underside of the embryo, particularly the connecting stalk, by which it is attached to the chorion and the developing placenta
67
yolk sac
- forms during the second week and is attached to the underside of the embryonic disk(endoderm)
- forms blood cells in the early stages of development and gives rise to the cells that later become sex cells.
- incorporated into the digestive tract
68
allantois
- forms during the third week as a tube extending from the early yolk sac into the connecting stalk(endoderm)
- gives rise to the umbilical blood vessels
69
decidua
basalis: area of the uterine wall where the villi attach, forms the placenta
capsularis:
parietals:
70
gastrula
- formed by the cells of the embryonic disc fold inward
- takes place during the third week
- formation of the three primary germ layers
71
primary germ layers
ectoderm-outer layer of the embryonic disk; PNS, CNS, epidermis
mesoderm-forms between outer layer and inner layer; dermis
endoderm-inner layer of the embryonic disk; lining of the lungs
72
teratogens
-factors that cause congenital malformations by affecting an embryo during its period of rapid growth and development or the specialization of structures during fetal development
73
ectopic pregnancy
-a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus.
74
blastocoel
-the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula.
75
trophoblastic lacunae
- one of the spaces in the early syncytiotrophoblastic layer of the chorion before the formation of villi
- collects blood, which eventually form the placenta
- house the chronionic villi
76
thalidomide
- used today to treat leprosy and certain blood disorders
- a mild tranquilizer, that all of the deformed infants had taken early in pregnancy during the time of limb formation as the cause.
- example of teratogens
77
neural tube
- a sheet of ectoderm folds to form it
- also called the dorsal induction
- the closing of the neural groove
78
notochord
- mesoderm
- sends chemicals to the ectoderm, which create the neural tube
- eventually becomes the pulp of the intervertebral
79
somites
- mesoderm->eventually become bones, muscles, and dermis
| - each of a number of body segments containing the same internal structures (found in the embryonic stages of vertebrae)
80
intraembryonic cavities
- a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm during the third week of development.
- later will form the other body cavities
- located in-between the parietal and visceral lateral mesoderm(plates)
81
anencephaly vs. spina bifida
anencephaly:
-the neural tube not closing up in the brain
spina bifida
-an opening in the tail end of the spine
82
ductus venosus
- allows blood to bypass the live
83
foramen ovale
-how blood enters the right atrium and partially bypasses the lungs
84
ductus arteriosus
-how blood enters the pulmonary trunk partially bypassing the lungs
85
oxytocin/ positive feedback
-stimulates powerful uterine contractions
positive feedback system:
-stimulates more contractions in birth after stimulation
86
prolactin
- synthesized from early pregnancy throughout gestation, peaking at the time of birth
87
colostrum
-first milk, holds a lot of antibodies and proteins
88
apoptosis
-a form of programmed cell death. It occurs throughout life, shaping organs
89
amniocentesis
-needle inserted into the amniotic sac withdraws about 5 millimeters of fluid
90
What are the 2 functions of the urinary space?
1. to conserve water
| 2. to eliminate metabolic waste and excess salts
91
What are the three structures that enter/exit the kidneys?
renal a, renal v, ureter
92
Would you have more nephrons or collecting ducts
nephrons
93
What is the prominent structure int he medulla
collecting ducts
94
If you have 12 pyramids how many minor calyxes will you have?
12
95
Where is angiotensinogen made?
Liver
96
Where is renin made?
kidneys
97
What part of the nephron does aldosterone trigger?
distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
98
What epithelium make up proximal and distal?
simple cuboidal epithelium
99
Which vertebrae locations are kidneys found?
T12 and L3
100
Which kidney is higher?
the left kidney is higher
101
What are the three types of cells that are found in corpuscles?
podocytes, endothelium, and erythrocytes
102
What are the phases of meiosis
prophase (all DNA is heterochromatin), metaphase (centrioles contract and shorten), anaphase (cytokenises begins), telophase (two separate cells)
103
When are tetrads present?
prophase 1 and metaphase 1
104
Name two cells that sit on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules?
sertoli and spermatogonia
105
Is the spermatogonia diploid or haploid?
diploid
106
what process does spermatogonia go through?
mitosis
107
secondary spermatocyte is what process and is it diploid/haploid?
haploid & meiosis 2
108
primary spermatogonia
meiosis 1 & diploid
109
spermatids
spermiogenesis & haploid
110
Where are spermatozoa stored?
vas deferens and epididymis
111
intermediate mesoderm make up what after development?
gonads and kidneys
112
is it possible to have both a neural tube and neural groove?
True
113
Where is the detrusor muscle found?
inner wall of the urinary bladder
114
What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide?
lowers blood pressure, inhibits renin-angiotensin system, inhibits sodium and H20 reabsorption
115
Are more nephrons in the kidney cortical or juxtamedullary?
cortical
116
The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is composed of what?
podocytes
117
The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped opening of what?
ureter
118
The countercurrent mechanism is associated with which nephron component?
loop of Henle
119
Which nephron component is directly connected to a collecting duct?
distal convoluted tubule
120
renal corpuscles are only located where?
kidney cortex
121
T/F the corpus albicans is in the uterus
False found in the ovaries
122
T/F Spermatogonia are diploid
True
123
T/F Sertoli cells are int he walls of seminiferous tubules
T
124
T/F Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is made in the hypothalamus.
T
125
T/F The luteal phase of the ovaries occurs after ovulation
T
126
T/F The corona radiate consists of granulosa cells
True
127
T/F primary follicles are ovulated
F
128
T/F Twin chromatids are pulled apart during anaphase 2.
F
129
T/F Synapsis occurs in both meiosis and mitosis
F
130
T/F Polar bodies are diploid
F, they are haploid
131
apoptosis
programmed cell death; create finger digits, we start with paddles and then cells die to give grooves between fingers
132
morula
Ball of undifferentiated cells called blastomeres
133
amniocentesis
Test to determine fetal sex or chromosomal abnormality (downs syndrome)
134
decidua basalis
chorionic villi are extensive in this area
135
First Week timeline
Fertilization(1)>Cleavage(2)>Blastocyst(4)>
| Implantation(6)>Trophoblast(7)
136
Second Week timeline
Amnion(8)>yolk sac(9)>decidua capsularis(10)
137
Third Week timeline
gastrulation(15)>allantois(16)>heart(18)>dorsal induction(18)>somites(19)
138
When does the embryo fold and the heart begin to beat?
Day22
139
When is embryonic stage?
Day 1- End of week 8
140
How long is fetal life
32 Weeks
141
When is organogenesis complete?
at the end of 8 weeks
142
When are neural tube developed, head and tail?
head-27 days
| tail- 36 days
