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Anatomy 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which major salivary glands have ducts that enter the mouth opposite the upper second molars?

A

Parotid glands

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2
Q

Which region of the stomach attaches to the esophagus?

A

cardiac

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3
Q

How many permanent bicuspids are int he mouth of a human adult?

A

8

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4
Q

Dental Formula

A
  1. 1.2.3 x 2 Children: 2.1.0.2 x 2

2. 1.2.3 2.1.0.2

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5
Q

Amylase chemically digests

A

carbohydrates

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6
Q

The auditory tube connects the middle ear with what?

A

nasopharynx

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7
Q

Enterokinase is synthesized by what?

A

brush border cells of the small intestine

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8
Q

Trysinogen is synthesized by what?

A

acinar cells of the pancreas(proteases)

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9
Q

Which region of the colon attaches to the transverse colon at the hepatic flexure?

A

ascending

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10
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

absorption of water and electrolytes

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11
Q

Which region of the colon attaches to the transverse colon at the splenic flexure?

A

Descending

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12
Q

Which proenzyme is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach wall?

A

pepsinogen

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13
Q

Which intestinal tunic is associated with he visceral peritoneum?

A

serosa

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14
Q

What results from the enterogastric reflex

A

inhibition of peristalsis

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15
Q

The spleen is located in what portion of the abdominal cavity?

A

upper left portion

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16
Q

A vaccine is an example of what kind of immunity?

A

artificially acquired active

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17
Q

Which cell secretes perforin?

A

cytotoxic T cell

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18
Q

Peyer’s patches are found in the what?

A

small intestine

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19
Q

MHC stands for what?

A

major histocompatibility complex

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20
Q

An example of second line of defense

A

fever

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21
Q

Diabetes mellitus type I and Grave’s disease are examples of what?

A

autoimmunity

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22
Q

Small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a larger molecule are called what?

A

haptens

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23
Q

Fluid accumulation in tissues is called what?

A

edema

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24
Q

What structures mark the beginning of the lymphatic pathways?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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25
Q

What lines the lymphatic pathways

A

simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

Name the specialized organs that are located along this pathway

A

lymph nodes

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27
Q

the lymphatic vessels drain into what?

A

Lymphatic trunks

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28
Q

The lymphatic trunks drain into what?

A

collecting ducts

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29
Q

Which lymphatic collecting duct is the largest and longest?

A

thoracic duct

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30
Q

What happens if lymph cannot or does not flow?

A

an edema develops

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31
Q

What surrounds the node?

A

capsule made of connective tissue

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32
Q

epithelial cells in the thymus secrete what?

A

thymosins

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33
Q

What is the function of thymosins?

A

stimulates the maturation of T-lymphocytes

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34
Q

What is the white pulp in the spleen composed of ?

A

splenic nodules

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35
Q

What is contained in the white pulp?

A

lymphocytes

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36
Q

What is contained in the red pulp?

A

red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages

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37
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

houses macrophages and lymphocytes

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38
Q

What causes infection?

A

presence and multiplication of a pathogen in the body

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39
Q

describe innate defense

A

functions the same way regardless of the pathogen

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40
Q

describe adaptive defense

A

very precise, targets specific pathogens and specialized lymphocytes are required

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41
Q

Which defense mechanism is the quickest?

A

innate defense

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42
Q

What do tears contain that acts as a defense mechanism?

A

Lysosim

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43
Q

What type of cells produce defensins?

A

Granulocytes(neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)

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44
Q

What triggers the production and release of defense’s?

A

recognition of a non-self cell surface or a non-particle

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45
Q

What is a complement defense mechanism?

A

group of proteins in blood plasma and other body fluids that interact in an expanding series of reactions

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46
Q

What types of cells are natural killers?

A

Lymphocytes

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47
Q

Whats the function of perforins?

A

Lyse the cell membranes

48
Q

How does higher body temperature counter microbial growth?

A

causes liver and spleen to sequester iron which reduces iron in the blood which bacteria and fungi require

49
Q

What is a hapten?

A

smaller molecule that cannot by itself stimulate an immune response but it may combine with a larger molecule which makes it able to stimulate an immune response

50
Q

T cell activation requires what?

A

processed fragments of the antigen be attached to the surface of an antigen presenting the cell

51
Q

What is cellular immune response?

A

activated T-cells interact directly with antigen presenting cells

52
Q

List some functions of cytokines?

A
  • controls lymphocyte differentiation
  • stimulates bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
  • activates macrophages
  • causes B-cells to proliferate and produce antibodies
53
Q

When does a B-cell become activated?

A

When it encounters an antigen whose molecular shape fits the shape of the B-cells antigen receptors

54
Q

Is a helper T-cell involved in B-cell activation?

A

yes before proliferation occurs

55
Q

What are the products of B-cell proliferation?

A

Plasma and memory B cells

56
Q

humoral immune response?

A

when antibodies in body fluids destroy specific antigens or antigen bearing particles

57
Q

Define allergic reaction?

A

immune responses to non-harmfulsubstances which can damage tissues

58
Q

Teniae coli

A

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon

59
Q

Major duodenal papillae

A

the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter in the duodenum

60
Q

mucosa

A

layer of the digestive tract in direct contact with the food that is consumed

61
Q

submucosa layer

A

thick connective tissue layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus

62
Q

stratified squamous

A

epithelium that lines the mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, and the anal canal

63
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic capillaries are found int he villi of the small intestine

64
Q

Colon

A

lined with simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in the tunica muscularis, epiploic appendages attached to its outer surface

65
Q

Muscles involved in mastication?

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and later pterygoid

66
Q

Function of bile

A

contains breakdown products from hemoglobin and emulsifies fats

67
Q

Amylase

A

digestive enzyme contained by saliva which breaks down starch into maltose

68
Q

Maltose

A

product of starch break down by the digestive enzyme amylase in saliva

69
Q

chief cells

A

cells in the gastric glands that produce pepsinogen

70
Q

function of bile salts

A

emulsify fat to fatty droplets

71
Q

Lumen

A

hollow space in the digestive wall that conducts food

72
Q

where can stratified cuboidal be found?

A

stomach, large & small intestine

73
Q

Layers of the digestive wall

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa/adventia

74
Q

what do parasympathetic impulses do?

A

increase digestion, movement, and secretions

75
Q

pharynx

A

esophageal muscles and oral cavity muscles initiate swallowing here

76
Q

nasopharynx

A

closed by soft palate

77
Q

oropharynx

A

closed by epiglottis

78
Q

laryngopharynx

A

voice box larynx

79
Q

List the events included in respiration

A

ventilation, external respiration, transport, internal respiration, and cellular respiration

80
Q

What is the function of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity?

A
  • entraps dust and other small particles entering the air
  • warms the air
  • moistens the air
81
Q

What is the function of the cilia on the cells that line the nasal cavity?

A

pushes any entrapped particles toward the pharynx

82
Q

what are the functions of the sinuses?

A
  • reduces the weight of the skull

- affect the quality of voice

83
Q

What lines the sinuses?

A

mucous membranes

84
Q

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

85
Q

What are the sternocleidomastoid muscles doing during breathing?

A

elevate sternum

86
Q

what are the pectorals minor muscles doing during breathing?

A

elevates the ribs

87
Q

How does surface tension between the pleural membranes affect breathing

A

increased the volume of the lungs which decreases pressure

88
Q

What forces are responsible for normal expiration

A

elastic recoil of lung tissues and abdominal organs from surface tension

89
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

medulla oblongata

90
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

changes in the blood plasma level

91
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid bodies of the carotid arteries

92
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

changes in oxygen level in the blood

93
Q

What is the effect of the inflation reflex

A

to prevent over inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

94
Q

What are the three parts of complements?

A
  1. agglutination
  2. opsonization(makes tasty)
  3. positive chemotaxis(sends leukocytes for eating of the cell)
95
Q

Where does clonal selection take place?

A

lymph nodules

96
Q

Immunoglobins

A

also called antibodies made from plasma cells

97
Q

antibody-mediated immunity is what kind of cell?

A

B-lymphocytes

98
Q

cell-mediated immunity is what kind of cell?

A

T-lymphocytes

99
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A
  1. sinusoids
  2. continuous
  3. dis-continuous
100
Q

What does the pancreas chemically digest?

A

Carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

101
Q

acinar cells are what polypeptides?

A

proteases, amylase, lipases, and nucleases

102
Q

Pepsinogen

A
  • from the chief cells of gastric gland

- hydrocholoric acid causes it to convert into pepsin

103
Q

Trypsinogen

A
  • from the proteases cells of the pancreas

- enterokinase converts it to trypsin

104
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile

105
Q

enterokinase

A

mucosal cells of the small intestine

-brush border enzyme

106
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

breaks off the carboxyl group from polypeptides

-brush border enzyme

107
Q

mouth to stomach takes how long?

A

4-8secs

108
Q

stomach to duodenum takes how long?

A

4hrs

109
Q

small intestine

A

3-6hrs

110
Q

large intestine

A

12-24hrs

111
Q

Kupffer cells

A
  • liver

- phagocytosis of red blood cells

112
Q

plicae circulares

A

-increases the surface area of the small intestine

113
Q

name the products of cellular respiration?

A

ATP, Carbon Dioxide, Water

114
Q

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

cristae

115
Q

glycolysis takes part in what of the cell?

A

cytoplasm

116
Q

What do internal intercostals control?

A

forceful exhalation

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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