Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Which major salivary glands have ducts that enter the mouth opposite the upper second molars?
A
Parotid glands
2
Q
Which region of the stomach attaches to the esophagus?
A
cardiac
3
Q
How many permanent bicuspids are int he mouth of a human adult?
A
8
4
Q
Dental Formula
A
- 1.2.3 x 2 Children: 2.1.0.2 x 2
2. 1.2.3 2.1.0.2
5
Q
Amylase chemically digests
A
carbohydrates
6
Q
The auditory tube connects the middle ear with what?
A
nasopharynx
7
Q
Enterokinase is synthesized by what?
A
brush border cells of the small intestine
8
Q
Trysinogen is synthesized by what?
A
acinar cells of the pancreas(proteases)
9
Q
Which region of the colon attaches to the transverse colon at the hepatic flexure?
A
ascending
10
Q
What is the function of the large intestine?
A
absorption of water and electrolytes
11
Q
Which region of the colon attaches to the transverse colon at the splenic flexure?
A
Descending
12
Q
Which proenzyme is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach wall?
A
pepsinogen
13
Q
Which intestinal tunic is associated with he visceral peritoneum?
A
serosa
14
Q
What results from the enterogastric reflex
A
inhibition of peristalsis
15
Q
The spleen is located in what portion of the abdominal cavity?
A
upper left portion
16
Q
A vaccine is an example of what kind of immunity?
A
artificially acquired active
17
Q
Which cell secretes perforin?
A
cytotoxic T cell
18
Q
Peyer’s patches are found in the what?
A
small intestine
19
Q
MHC stands for what?
A
major histocompatibility complex
20
Q
An example of second line of defense
A
fever
21
Q
Diabetes mellitus type I and Grave’s disease are examples of what?
A
autoimmunity
22
Q
Small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a larger molecule are called what?
A
haptens
23
Q
Fluid accumulation in tissues is called what?
A
edema
24
Q
What structures mark the beginning of the lymphatic pathways?
A
Lymphatic capillaries
25
What lines the lymphatic pathways
simple squamous epithelium
26
Name the specialized organs that are located along this pathway
lymph nodes
27
the lymphatic vessels drain into what?
Lymphatic trunks
28
The lymphatic trunks drain into what?
collecting ducts
29
Which lymphatic collecting duct is the largest and longest?
thoracic duct
30
What happens if lymph cannot or does not flow?
an edema develops
31
What surrounds the node?
capsule made of connective tissue
32
epithelial cells in the thymus secrete what?
thymosins
33
What is the function of thymosins?
stimulates the maturation of T-lymphocytes
34
What is the white pulp in the spleen composed of ?
splenic nodules
35
What is contained in the white pulp?
lymphocytes
36
What is contained in the red pulp?
red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages
37
What is the function of the spleen?
houses macrophages and lymphocytes
38
What causes infection?
presence and multiplication of a pathogen in the body
39
describe innate defense
functions the same way regardless of the pathogen
40
describe adaptive defense
very precise, targets specific pathogens and specialized lymphocytes are required
41
Which defense mechanism is the quickest?
innate defense
42
What do tears contain that acts as a defense mechanism?
Lysosim
43
What type of cells produce defensins?
Granulocytes(neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
44
What triggers the production and release of defense's?
recognition of a non-self cell surface or a non-particle
45
What is a complement defense mechanism?
group of proteins in blood plasma and other body fluids that interact in an expanding series of reactions
46
What types of cells are natural killers?
Lymphocytes
47
Whats the function of perforins?
Lyse the cell membranes
48
How does higher body temperature counter microbial growth?
causes liver and spleen to sequester iron which reduces iron in the blood which bacteria and fungi require
49
What is a hapten?
smaller molecule that cannot by itself stimulate an immune response but it may combine with a larger molecule which makes it able to stimulate an immune response
50
T cell activation requires what?
processed fragments of the antigen be attached to the surface of an antigen presenting the cell
51
What is cellular immune response?
activated T-cells interact directly with antigen presenting cells
52
List some functions of cytokines?
- controls lymphocyte differentiation
- stimulates bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
- activates macrophages
- causes B-cells to proliferate and produce antibodies
53
When does a B-cell become activated?
When it encounters an antigen whose molecular shape fits the shape of the B-cells antigen receptors
54
Is a helper T-cell involved in B-cell activation?
yes before proliferation occurs
55
What are the products of B-cell proliferation?
Plasma and memory B cells
56
humoral immune response?
when antibodies in body fluids destroy specific antigens or antigen bearing particles
57
Define allergic reaction?
immune responses to non-harmfulsubstances which can damage tissues
58
Teniae coli
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon
59
Major duodenal papillae
the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter in the duodenum
60
mucosa
layer of the digestive tract in direct contact with the food that is consumed
61
submucosa layer
thick connective tissue layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus
62
stratified squamous
epithelium that lines the mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, and the anal canal
63
Lacteals
Lymphatic capillaries are found int he villi of the small intestine
64
Colon
lined with simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in the tunica muscularis, epiploic appendages attached to its outer surface
65
Muscles involved in mastication?
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and later pterygoid
66
Function of bile
contains breakdown products from hemoglobin and emulsifies fats
67
Amylase
digestive enzyme contained by saliva which breaks down starch into maltose
68
Maltose
product of starch break down by the digestive enzyme amylase in saliva
69
chief cells
cells in the gastric glands that produce pepsinogen
70
function of bile salts
emulsify fat to fatty droplets
71
Lumen
hollow space in the digestive wall that conducts food
72
where can stratified cuboidal be found?
stomach, large & small intestine
73
Layers of the digestive wall
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa/adventia
74
what do parasympathetic impulses do?
increase digestion, movement, and secretions
75
pharynx
esophageal muscles and oral cavity muscles initiate swallowing here
76
nasopharynx
closed by soft palate
77
oropharynx
closed by epiglottis
78
laryngopharynx
voice box larynx
79
List the events included in respiration
ventilation, external respiration, transport, internal respiration, and cellular respiration
80
What is the function of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity?
- entraps dust and other small particles entering the air
- warms the air
- moistens the air
81
What is the function of the cilia on the cells that line the nasal cavity?
pushes any entrapped particles toward the pharynx
82
what are the functions of the sinuses?
- reduces the weight of the skull
| - affect the quality of voice
83
What lines the sinuses?
mucous membranes
84
What type of tissue lines the trachea?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
85
What are the sternocleidomastoid muscles doing during breathing?
elevate sternum
86
what are the pectorals minor muscles doing during breathing?
elevates the ribs
87
How does surface tension between the pleural membranes affect breathing
increased the volume of the lungs which decreases pressure
88
What forces are responsible for normal expiration
elastic recoil of lung tissues and abdominal organs from surface tension
89
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
medulla oblongata
90
What do central chemoreceptors respond to?
changes in the blood plasma level
91
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
carotid bodies of the carotid arteries
92
What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?
changes in oxygen level in the blood
93
What is the effect of the inflation reflex
to prevent over inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing
94
What are the three parts of complements?
1. agglutination
2. opsonization(makes tasty)
3. positive chemotaxis(sends leukocytes for eating of the cell)
95
Where does clonal selection take place?
lymph nodules
96
Immunoglobins
also called antibodies made from plasma cells
97
antibody-mediated immunity is what kind of cell?
B-lymphocytes
98
cell-mediated immunity is what kind of cell?
T-lymphocytes
99
What are the three types of capillaries
1. sinusoids
2. continuous
3. dis-continuous
100
What does the pancreas chemically digest?
Carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
101
acinar cells are what polypeptides?
proteases, amylase, lipases, and nucleases
102
Pepsinogen
- from the chief cells of gastric gland
| - hydrocholoric acid causes it to convert into pepsin
103
Trypsinogen
- from the proteases cells of the pancreas
| - enterokinase converts it to trypsin
104
What is the function of the gallbladder
store and concentrate bile
105
enterokinase
mucosal cells of the small intestine
| -brush border enzyme
106
Carboxypeptidase
breaks off the carboxyl group from polypeptides
| -brush border enzyme
107
mouth to stomach takes how long?
4-8secs
108
stomach to duodenum takes how long?
4hrs
109
small intestine
3-6hrs
110
large intestine
12-24hrs
111
Kupffer cells
- liver
| - phagocytosis of red blood cells
112
plicae circulares
-increases the surface area of the small intestine
113
name the products of cellular respiration?
ATP, Carbon Dioxide, Water
114
What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria
cristae
115
glycolysis takes part in what of the cell?
cytoplasm
116
What do internal intercostals control?
forceful exhalation
