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Anatomy 2 > List 1 > Flashcards

List 1 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine

A

-The cells, tissues, and organs that compose it, collectively called endocrine glands, secrete substances into the internal environment.

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2
Q

exocrine

A
  • These secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
  • Ex: stomach acid reaching the lumen of the digestive tract and sweat released at the skin’s surface.
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3
Q

paracrine

A

-Secretions which enter the interstitial fluid but affect only nearby cells

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4
Q

autocrine

A

-Secretions which affect only the cell secreting the substance

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5
Q

negative feedback systems

A
  • A mechanism that restores the level of a biochemical or other condition in the internal environment
  • most common way of regulating hormones
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6
Q

positive feedback systems

A
  • Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
  • Oxytocin is one of the only hormones that uses positive feedback
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7
Q

tropic hormone

A

-The main function is to regulate the secretion of a second hormone

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8
Q

non-tropic hormone

A

-The main function is to stimulate a specific action or reaction from the receptor, not a hormone.

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9
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • Lipids that include complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • They differ by the types and numbers of atoms attached to these rings and the ways they are joined.
  • derived from cholesterol
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10
Q

amines

A
  • A non-steroid hormone, which includes norepinephrine and epinephrine, are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
  • Synthesized in the adrenal medulla
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11
Q

peptide hormones

A
  • Short chains of amino acids.

- Secreted in hypothalamus and associated with posterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

protein hormones

A
  • Composed of long chains of amino acids that are linked and folded into specific molecular structures.
  • secreted from parathyroid and anterior pituitary gland
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13
Q

hypophysis (Neurohypophysis vs. adenohypophysis)

A
  • Pituitary Gland(found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone)
  • Neurohypophysis-posterior
  • adenohypophysis -anterior
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14
Q

infundibulum

A

-Stalk attaching the pituitary gland to the base of the brain

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15
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A
  • Where the vessels merge and pass downward along the pituitary stalk and give rise to a second capillary bed in the adenohypophysis
  • It is a venus portal system
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16
Q

somatotropes

A
  • secrete GH

- type of secretory cell of epithelial tissue found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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17
Q

corticotropes

A
  • secrete ACTH

- type of secretary cell of epithelial tissue found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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18
Q

gonadotropes

A
  • Secretes FSH and LH
  • Hormone that stimulates activity in the gonads
  • type of secretory cell of epithelial tissue found int he anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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19
Q

thyrotropes

A
  • Secretes TSH

- type of secretory cell of epithelial tissue found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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20
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • Outer zone of the adrenal cortex

- synthesizes aldosterone

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21
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • middle zone of the adrenal cortex

- synthesizes cortisol

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22
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • inner zone of the adrenal cortex

- produces sex hormones

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23
Q

chromaffin cells

A
  • Part of the adrenal medulla

- produce, store, and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

24
Q

islets of Langerhans

A
  • Pancreatic islets

- contain three distinct types of hormone secreting cells: alpha(glucagon), beta(insulin), and delta(somatostatin)

25
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

-Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate such as amino acids(fat or protein)

26
Q

colloid

A
  • A clear viscous substance that fills cavities.

- Contains T3&T4

27
Q

extra follicular cells of thyroid

A

-Produces calcitonin, which influences blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions; it lies outside the follicles

28
Q

tyrosine

A

-synthesizes proteins such as norepinephrine and epinephrine

29
Q

renin

A

-Enzyme that kidneys release that helps maintain blood pressure, plasma sodium, and blood volume by catalyzing angiotensinogen into angiotensinogen 1.

30
Q

angiotensinogen

A

-Liver serum globulin that renin converts to angiotensin I

31
Q

circadian rhythms

A

-Patterns of repeated activity associated with cycles of night and day, such as sleep/wake rhythms.

32
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • Kidney and liver hormone that promotes red blood cell formation. Target cells red bone marrow (EPO)
  • red blood cell production
  • humoral(low blood oxygen)
  • non tropic and a protein
33
Q

second messengers

A
  • Biochemicals in the cell that induce the changes leading to the hormone effect
  • cAMP
34
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

-Enzyme activated when certain hormones bind receptors on cell membranes. It catalyzes the circularization of ATP to cyclic AMP

35
Q

cyclic AMP

A
  • A second messenger.
  • binds to its receptor, and the resulting hormone-receptor complex activates a protein called a G protein, which then activates an enzyme called adenylate cyclase.
36
Q

ADH

A 
- Antidiuretic hormone
Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Non
Steroid: Non-peptide
Stimulus: Neural w/ hormonal
-Causes kidneys to reduce water excretion
37
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A 
Source: hypothalamus
Tropic: Non
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus: neural w/ some hormonal
-myometrial contractions during birth and milk let down
38
Q

GH

A

-Growth Hormone
-Source: Anterior Pituitary gland
Tropic: non
Steroid:non-proteins
Stimulus:hormonal(GHRH & SS)
-stimulates body growth

39
Q

GHRH

A

-Growth hormone-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus:Neural
-stimulates secretion of GH

40
Q

somatostatin (SS)

A

-Somatostatin
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptides
Stimulus: Neural
-regulates carbohydrates and inhibits secretion of GH

41
Q

ACTH

A

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
-Source:Anterior Pituitary Gland
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus: Hormonal (CRH)
-stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

42
Q

CRH

A

-Corticotropin-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus:nerual
-stimulates ACTH production

43
Q

TSH

A

-Thyroid-stimulating hormone
-Source: Anterior Pituitary Gland
Tropic: tropic
Steroid: non-protein
Stimulus:Hormonal (TRH)
-stimulates the thyroid gland

44
Q

TRH

A

-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: tropic
Steroid; non-peptides
Stimulus: neural
-stimulates secretion of TSH

45
Q

calcitonin

A 
-Source: Thyroid gland
non tropic
non-peptide
humoral/hormonal
-control of blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations.
46
Q

epinephrine(EPI)

A

-Source: Adrenal medulla
-Synonym=Adrenalin
non tropic
non-monoamine
neural
amplify sympathetic response(fight or flight)

47
Q

norepinephrine (NE)

A

-Source: Adrenal medulla
-Synonym=Noradrenalin
non-tropic
non-monoamine
neural
amplify sympathetic response

48
Q

aldosterone

A 
adrenal cortex
non tropic
steroid
hormonal(ADH)
stimulate the kidneys to retain sodium
49
Q

cortisol

A 
-Source: Adrenal cortex
non tropic
steroid
hormonal(ACTH)w/ humeral
gluconeogenesis
50
Q

glucagon

A 
-Source: Pancreas
non tropic
non-protein
humoral
increases blood glucose levels
51
Q

insulin

A 
-Source: Pancreas
non tropic
non-protein
humoral
uptake of glucose
52
Q

melatonin

A
  • Secreted from the pineal gland and is synthesized from serotonin
  • Regulates circadian rhythms
53
Q

FSH and LH

A 
anterior pituitary gland
non tropic
non -protein
hormonal(GnRH)
stimulates gonads
54
Q

GnRH

A

-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
tropic
non-peptide
humoral
stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH

55
Q

prolactin(PRL)

A 
-Source Anterior pituitary gland
non tropic
non-proteins
hormonal (PRIH)
-Promotes milk production.
56
Q

triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4)

A 
-Source=thyroid gland
non tropic
non-monoamines
hormonal(TSH)
increase energy release from carbohydrates/ promotes growth and metabolism
57
Q

parathyroid hormone(PTH)

A 
-Source: Parathyroid gland
non tropic
non-protein
humoral / hormonal
-stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts and inhibits the activity of osteoblasts

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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