List 4

Question 1

thoracic duct

Answer 1

• drains lymph from the intestinal, lumbar, intercostal trunks, right lymphatic duct, left subclavian, left jugular, and left bronchomediastinal trunks
• originates as an enlarged sac called cisterns chlyi in the abdomen and passes upward through the diaphragm besides the aorta

Question 2

right lymphatic duct

Answer 2

originates in the right thorax at the union of the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks.

Question 3

lymphatic capillaries

Answer 3

-the walls are formed from a single layer of endothelium(simple squamous)

Question 4

lymph

Answer 4

-Fluid derived from interstitial fluid, that the lymphatic vessels carry

Question 5

lymph nodes

Answer 5

• mass of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel
• bean-shaped
• filters foreign particles and debris from lymph
• produces and houses lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 6

osmotic pressure

Answer 6

-Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Question 7

edema

Answer 7

-excess tissue fluid(lymph formation prevents edema)

Question 8

hilum

Answer 8

-Blood vessels and nerves join a lymph node through the indented region of the lymph node called hilium

Question 9

lymph nodules

Answer 9

• Masses of lymphatic tissue

- lymphatic molecules

Question 10

Peyer’s patches

Answer 10

• MALT(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) aggregates of lymphatic nodules
• scattered throughout the mucosal lining of the distal portion of the small intestine

Question 11

thymus

Answer 11

• soft, bilobed gland enclosed in a connective tissue capsule
• mediastinum
• T-lymphocytes leave the thymus provide immunity
• Epithelial cells in the thymus secrete protein hormones called thymosins-stimulate maturation of T-lymphocytes

Question 12

spleen

Answer 12

• the largest lymphatic organ
• houses macrophages; remove foreign particles, damage red blood cells, and cellular debris from blood
• contains lymphocytes

Question 13

red pulp vs. white pulp

Answer 13

• These are the 2 types of lobules located in the spleen
• (RP) blood travels through the sinuses, with lymphocytes checking for antigens in the blood.
• (WP) equivalent of lymph nodules(clonal selection); composed of splenic nodules and are packed with lymphocytes

Question 14

pathogen

Answer 14

-Disease causing agents the lymphatic system helps defends pathogens

Question 15

non-specific defense vs. specific defense

Answer 15

There are three levels of defense:

1. non-specific:skin, sweat, and stomach
2. non-specific: complement, interferons, fever, inflammation, phagocytes
3. specific: lymphocytes(T&B)

Question 16

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 16

• Cellular immune response

- The body’s attack by T-cells and their secreted products on non-self-antigens

Question 17

antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 17

• B-lymphocytes

- pathogen is in the body that activate B-lymphocytes. The B-lymphocytes then begin clonal selection

Question 18

complement

Answer 18

1. agglutination
2. opsoniztion
3. positive chemotaxis
   - antigen-antibody complex

Question 19

perforin

Answer 19

-Protein that natural killer cells release that forms pores in the cell membrane of infected cell

Question 20

primary immune response vs. secondary immune response

Answer 20

(PIR)
-occurs when B cells and T cells become activated after 1st encountering the antigens for which they are specialized to react
(SIR)
-produced by memory B cells along with memory T cells
-immune system’s response to subsequent encounters with a non-self-antigen

Question 21

cytokines

Answer 21

-Type of polypeptide secreted by a T-lymphocytes that enhances cellular responses to antigens

Question 22

clones(clonal selection or polyclonal response)

Answer 22

• clonal selection: making cells that are all the same(takes place in lymph nodules)
• polyclonal response: the involvement of more than one antibody type

Question 23

vaccine

Answer 23

-A preparation that includes an antigen that can stimulate a primary immune response against a particular pathogen but does not produce symptoms of the associated infectious disease

Question 24

antigen-presenting cell

Answer 24

-The cell that displays an antigen to the cells of the immune system so they can defend the body against a particular antigen

Question 25

autoimmunity

Answer 25

-an immune response against a person’s own tissues

Question 26

interferons

Answer 26

-Are proteins that lymphocytes and fibroblasts produce in response to viruses or tumor cells

Question 27

fever

Answer 27

-is a non-specific defense

Question 28

inflammation

Answer 28

-is a reaction that produces localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain

Question 29

haptens

Answer 29

-small molecule that combines with a larger one, forming an antigen

Question 30

major histocompatibility complex(MHC)

Answer 30

• “Human leukocyte antigen(HLA)

- help T cells recognize that a newly displayed antigen is foreign, not self

Question 31

memory cells

Answer 31

• B lymphocyte or T lymphocyte produced in a primary immune response that can be activated rapidly if the same antigen is encountered again
• secondary immune response

Question 32

immunoglobulins

Answer 32

-commonly called antibodies

Question 33

heavy chains vs light chains

Answer 33

Heavy chains:
-twice as many amino acids as the light chains
-stronger
-identical
Light chains:
-amino acid chains are identical
-quicker

Question 34

naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 34

-this form of immunity develops after primary immune response and is a response to exposure of a live pathogen(life)

Question 35

naturally acquired passive immunity

Answer 35

-Fetus acquires limited immunity against pathogens for which the pregnant women have developed active immunities(breastfeeding)

Question 36

artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 36

-Developed immunity by a vaccine(vaccine)

Question 37

artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 37

-immunity developed by an injection antiserum or antitoxin(Rogam)