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Anatomy 2 > List 6 > Flashcards

List 6 Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A
  • movement of air in and out of the lungs

- think of inhaling

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2
Q

external respiration vs. internal respiration

A
  • gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood

- Exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells

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3
Q

alveoli

A
  • site of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the bloodstream
  • thin walled, microscopic air sacs that open to an alveolar sac
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4
Q

simple diffusion

A

-gases diffuse from regions of higher partial pressure toward regions of lower partial pressure

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5
Q

oxygen

A
  • body cells use
  • cellular respiration
  • makes ATP
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6
Q

carbon dioxide

A

-waste product

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7
Q

respiratory membrane

A
  • gas exchange occurs between the alveolar air and the blood
  • two thicknesses of epithelial cells and basement membranes separate the air in an alveolus and the blood in a capillary
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8
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A
  • a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelium.
  • This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion
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9
Q

surfactant-secreting cells

A
  • lipoproteins
  • reduces the alveoli’s tendency to collapse, especially when lung volumes are low, and eases inspiratory efforts to expand the alveoli
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10
Q

alveolar macrophages

A
  • in the alveoli and in the pores

- these macrophages phagocytize airborne agents, including bacteria, thereby cleaning the alveoli

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11
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

-3rd step of respiratory process and is coupled with the cardiovascular system

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12
Q

internal respiration

A

-exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells

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13
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • oxygen use and production of carbon dioxide by body cells as part of the process of cellular respiration
  • Anaerobic and Aerobic
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14
Q

mitochondria

A

-an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

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15
Q

ATP

A

-transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

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16
Q

conducting zone vs. respiratory zone

A
  • conducting zone: is from the nasal cavity to the bronchioles
  • respiratory zone is from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli
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17
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • a hollow space behind the nose is divided medially into right and left portions by the nasal septum
  • this cavity is separated from the cranial cavity by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and from the oral cavity by the hard palate.
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18
Q

olfactory receptors

A
  • cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons and are responsible for the detection of odorants
  • located in the nasal cavity
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19
Q

nasal conchae

A
  • curled out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side, forming passageways called the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses.
  • support the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity and help increase its surface area.
20
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • rich in mucous-secreting cells

- found in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx

21
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  • air filled spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones of the skull
  • the sinuses open into the nasal cavity and are lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity
  • allows mucous secretions to drain from the sinuses into he nasal cavity
22
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • superior to the soft palate
  • communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing
  • the auditory tubes connect the pharynx with the middle ears
23
Q

oropharynx

A
  • posterior to the mouth and soft palate and inferior to the nasopharynx, projecting downward to the upper border of the epiglottis
  • passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity
24
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • inferior to the oropharynx

- continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx

25
Q

larynx

A
  • an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea
  • it is a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea and prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea
  • houses the vocal cords
26
Q

epiglottis

A
  • the central part of a flapping like structure, that is attached to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage
  • stands upright and allows air to enter the larynx, during swallowing muscular contractions help prevent foods and liquids from entering the air passages
27
Q

glottis

A
  • formed by the opening in between the true vocal cords

- epiglottis partially closes it so that it helps prevent food or liquid from entering the trachea

28
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • covers the lower area of the thyroid gland

- adam’s apple

29
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • lies inferior to the thyroid cartilage

- lowest point of the larynx

30
Q

trachea

A
  • a flexible cylindrical tube that 2.5 centimeters in diameter and 12.5 centimeters in length.
  • extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into right and left main bronchi.
31
Q

mediastinum

A
  • a membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs.
  • parietal pleura
32
Q

bronchial tree

A

-consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs

33
Q

tertiary bronchi

A
  • supplies portions of the lungs called bronchopulmonary segments
  • ten such segments are in the right lung and eight are in the left lung
34
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A
  • branch from each terminal bronchiole
  • short and about .5 millimeter in diameter
  • a few air sacs bud from their sides, enabling them to tae part in gas exchange
35
Q

alveolar ducts

A

-branch from each respiratory bronchiole

36
Q

pleural membranes

A

-The outer, or parietal, pleura lines the inside of the rib cage and the diaphragm while the inner, visceral or pulmonary, layer covers the lungs. Between the two layers is the intrapleural space, which normally contains fluid secreted by the membranes.

37
Q

surface tension

A

-a force created fro the attraction of water molecules in the alveoli.

38
Q

diaphragm

A
  • inferior to the lungs
  • when contracting and moving downward, the external intercostal muscles and certain thoracic muscles may be stimulated to contract.
39
Q

external intercostals

A

-elevates the ribs and the sternum, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity even more.

40
Q

pectoralis minor

A

-elevates the third to fifth ribs (given a fixed scapula) and expands the ribcage. By those means, it can also serve as an accessory muscle during inspiration.

41
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

-the muscle works with the scalene muscles in the neck during forced inspiration while breathing (inhaling), and it raises the sternum, the bone at the front of the rib cage.

42
Q

internal intercostals

A
  • these muscles pull the ribs and sternum downward and inward, increasing the air pressure in the lungs, forcing more air out
  • a person can exhale more air than normal by contracting them
43
Q

respiratory areas of the brain stem

A
  • controls breathing
  • these areas periodically initiate impulses that travel on cranial and spinal nerves to breathing muscles, causing inspiration and expiration
44
Q

central chemoreceptors of medulla

A
  • they are in the ventral portion of the medulla oblongata, where they primarily monitor the pH of the brain
  • they respond to changes in blood pH, but only indirectly because hydrogen ions do not easily cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore do not have access to this area
45
Q

carbonic acid

A

-quickly ionizes, releasing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

46
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors of aorta/carotids

A

-senses changes in the blood Po2, in specialized structures called the carotid bodies and aortic bodies, which are in the walls of the carotid sinuses and aortic arch

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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