Final Flashcards
1
Q
pericardium
A
- pericardial sac
- covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches
- fibrous pericardium(covers the double layered serous membrane), visceral pericardium/epicardium(covers the heart), parietal pericardium(covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium)
2
Q
myocardium
A
- middle layer of the heart wall
- thick and consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers
3
Q
endocardium
A
- inner layer of the heart wall
- consists of epithelium and underlying connective tissue that contains many elastic and collage fibers
4
Q
auricles
A
- earlike projections
- extend anteriorly from the atria, and slightly increase the atrial volume
5
Q
atria vs. ventricles
A
Atria: -have thin walls -receive blood returning to the heart Ventricles: -force the blood out of the heart into arteries
6
Q
atrioventricular sulcus vs. interventricular sulci
A
Atrioventricular sulcus:
-deepest of the groove
-encircles the heart between the atria and ventricles
Interventricular sulci:
-mark the septum that separates the right and left ventricles
7
Q
papillary muscles
A
- cardiac muscle tissue
- project inward from the walls of the ventricle
- contract when the right ventricle contracts, and as the tricuspid valve closes, these muscles pull on the chord tendineae and prevent the cusps from swinging back into the right atrium
8
Q
AV valves vs. semilunar valves
A
Atrioventricular valves:
-a valve in the heart through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles.
-The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the mitral (bicuspid) valve;
- the right AV valve is the tricuspid valve.
Semilunar valves:
- pocketlike structures attached at the point at which the pulmonary artery and the aorta leave the ventricles
-The pulmonary valve guards the orifice between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
-The aortic valve protects the orifice between the left ventricle and the aorta
9
Q
coronary sinus
A
- drains venous blood into the right atrium from the myocardium of the heart
- atrioventricular sulcus
10
Q
coronary arteries
A
- first two branches of the aorta
- supply blood to the tissues of the heart
- right coronary splits into the marginal a. and the posterior interventricular a.
- left gives rise to the circumflex and the anterior interventricular a.
11
Q
pulmonary vs. systemic circulation (circuit)
A
Pulmonary:
-between the heart and lungs
Systemic:
-pumping of oxygenated blood to the body and then pumping deoxygenated blood back
12
Q
S-A node
A
- Sinoatrial Node
- natural pacemaker
- by the right atrium and superior vena cava
- determines the heart beat frequency through neural signals from the nervous system
- key portion of the cardiac conduction system
13
Q
A-V node
A
- Atrioventricular
- Right atrium by the interatrial septum wall and bicuspid valve
- slows the signal down, which slows down the muscle contraction of the heart
14
Q
functional syncytium
A
- acts as a unit that is located in the atrial and ventricular walls.
- Connecter in-between the atriums.
15
Q
A-V bundle
A
- Bundle of His
- only electrical connection between the atrium and the ventricles
- runs from the interventricular septum wall to the apex
16
Q
brachiocephalic a.
A
- supplies blood to the tissues of the upper limb and head
- branched from aortic arch and rises through the mediastinum to a point near the junction of the sternum and right clavicle
- divides, into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian
17
Q
common carotid a.
A
- (Right)Transports blood to the right side of the neck and head; off of the brachiocephalic
- (Left) second branch of the aorta, supply blood to the left side of the body
18
Q
subclavian a.
A
- (Right) leads blood into the right arm; off of brachiocephalic
- (Left) third branch of the aorta; supplies blood to the left side of the body
19
Q
circle of willis
A
-formed by the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, which join the internal carotid arteries
20
Q
hepatic portal system
A
-venous pathway that allows blood to flow from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver before returning to the heart
21
Q
superior and inferior vena cava
A
-lead to the right atrium
22
Q
celiac a.
A
-gives rise to the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries, which supply upper portions of the digestive tract, the spleen, and the liver
23
Q
systolic pressure
A
- maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction
- aorta and pulmonary trunk
24
Q
diastolic pressure
A
-lowest pressure that remains in the arteries before the next ventricular contraction
25
internal carotid arteries
- begins lateral to the external carotid artery then follows a deep curse upward along the pharynx to the base of the skull
- the ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and the anterior choroid artery all branch off of it
- terminates into the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries
26
electrocardiogram
- EKG
| - recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during a cycle
27
QRS complex of EKG
-marks depolarization of the ventricles and signals repolarization of the atria
28
vagus nerve
- Nerve #10
- Parasympathetic
- Slows down heart rate
29
tunica intima vs. tunica media vs. tunica adventitia
- interna: innermost tunic, simple squamous epithelium. allows blood to flow through smoothly(prevent blood clotting)
- media: makes up the bulk of the arterial wall; smooth muscles cells. give the vessel a tough elasticity which allows it to stretch for blood pressure/volume
- externa: outer layer and thin, connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers; attaches arteries to the surrounding tissues.
30
thoracic aorta vs. abdominal aorta
-thoracic aorta is above the diaphragm and the abdominal aorta is below the diaphragm
31
renal arteries
-pass laterally from the aorta into the kidneys
32
superior mesenteric a. vs. inferior mesenteric artery
- (Superior) supplies to the small intestine and proximal large intestine
- (Inferior) supplies blood to the distal large intestine
33
vertebral a.
- arise from the subclavian arteries in the base of the neck near the tips of the lungs
- runs through the transfers processes of the cervical vertebrae enter through the foramen magnum
- runs together to form the basilar a.
34
brachial a.
- couses along the humerus to the elbow
| - branch off of the subclavian
35
radial a.
- continuation of the brachial artery, extends along the radial side of the forearm to the wrist
- how to take pulse at wrist
36
common iliac a.
- divides into internal and external
| - provide blood to the pelvic organs, gluteal region, and lower limbs
37
suprarenal a.
- direct branch off of the abdominal aorta
| - supplies blood to Adrenal gland
38
phrenic a.
-supplies blood to the diaphragm
39
great saphenous v.
- longest vein in the body
- has varicose vein problems
- pull from great saphenous for bypass surgeries
40
median cubital v.
- The vein we use to draw blood from
| - Connects the cephalic and basilic
41
internal jugular v.
-descend through the neck beside the common carotid arteries and also join the subclavian veins, which creates the brachiocephalic vein.
42
atherosclerosis
-plaque build up in the arteries causing a hardening around the arteries
43
Which gland removes iodine from the blood?
thyroid gland
44
Which agent prevents blood coagulation
heparin
45
Name the artery that connects the right external iliac artery with the right popliteal a.?
R femoral a.
46
Which hormones travel the hypophyseal portal system
CRH, GnRH, GHRH, TRH, and SS
47
What is the strongest part of the heart?
Left ventricle
48
angina
blood flow to the coronary artery is blocked off
49
Describe the pressure changes in the atria and ventricles during a cardiac cycle?
high pressure in ventricles, low pressure in atria. Usually goes from high to low
50
What is the purpose of low pressure?
allows blood to refill the cavity once the ventricle contract
51
What causes heart sounds?
lubbers is when AV valves are closing dumb is when SL valves are closing
52
What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?
carry electrical impulses to the heart
53
What types of tissue make up the cardiac conduction system
SA node and AV node
54
The SA and AV are where?
right atrium
55
How is a cardiac impulse initiated?
by the SA node
56
How is the cardiac impulse transmitted from the right atrium to the other heart chambers?
firing from the SA node to the AV node
57
The heart is squeezed from what?
apex to base
58
P waves are created by what?
firing of the SA node
59
QRS wave?
pumping of the ventricels
60
T wave
atrium filling up again
61
What is the function of the smooth muscle in the atrial wall?
the blood can flow without obstruction
62
capillary wall
simple squamous tissue
63
function of a capillary
to carry blood; allows blood to go to body tissues; connects arteries to veins
64
What is the largest artery?
aorta
65
What is the largest vein/
vena cava
66
What is the longest vein?
Great saphenous v
67
What are the differences between an artery and vein
arteries are thicker and veins have valves
68
why do veins have valves
so that the blood doesn't go backwards
69
which have more pressure arteries or veins?
arteries
70
purpose of the SA node
starts the heartbeat
71
Which valves have chord tendineae?
AV valves
72
What takes blood back to the right atrium?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
73
What kind of capillaries are involved external respiration
pulmonary capillaries
74
what artery measures blood pressure?
brachiocephalic a; goes to the right side of the head and arm
75
what is called the blood reservoir
venus system
76
What is the most common artery for heart attacks?
left artery
77
Which tunic is the innermost layer of blood vessel?
intima
78
The adrenal gland receives blood from which a.?
suprarenal a.
79
T/F The function of the vagus nerve is to slow down the beating of the heart
True
80
T/F Papillary muscle is only in the ventricles of the heart
True
81
T/F The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the small intestine
True
82
mucosa
- Absorption, protection, and secretion
| - Have three parts: surface epithelium, lamina Propria, and Muscular Mucosa
83
submucosa
- loose connective tissue
- the vessels nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials
- transport
84
muscular externa
- Propulsion
| - Two layers: circular muscle(inner layer) and longitudinal muscle(outer horizontal)
85
serosa
- Protection
- Serosa: lined with epithelium(body cavity)
- Adventitia: not lined with epithelium
86
nasopharynx
- superior to the soft palate
- communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing
- contains the tonsil adenoids
87
oropharynx
- posterior to the oral cavity
| - a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity
88
laryngopharyx
- inferior to the oropharynx
| - passageway to the esophagus
89
amylase
-an enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.
90
pepsinogen
- An in-active form of pepsin that is produced by chief cells of gastric glands
- hydrochloric acid causes it to become pepsin
91
trypsinogen
- released by pancreatic cells(proteases) then dumped in the small intestine(duodenum)
- activated to trypsin when it contacts the enzyme enterokinase, which the mucosa of the small intestine secretes
92
emulsification
-The break down of lipids from the bile salts emulsifying the lipids and the lipase breaking them apart.
93
duodenum vs. jejunum vs. ileum
- duodenum: 25cm long and 5cm in diameter; it is the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; most important site for absorption
- jejunum: 2/5 of the small intestine; has a greater diameter and a thicker wall
- ileum: lymph nodes(Peyer's Patches)
94
cecum
-beginning of the large intestine, dilated puttylike structure that hangs slightly inferior to the ileocecal opening
95
vermiform appendix
-is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops in the embryo.
96
colon(ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
ascending:
-begins at the cecum and extends upward against the posterior abdominal wall to a point just inferior to the liver.
transverse:
-the longest and most movable part of the large intestine
-suspended by a folded peritoneum and sags in the middle below the stomach
descending:
-the transverse colon approaches the spleen, it turns abruptly downward and becomes the descending.
sigmoid:
-the colon makes an S shape, then becomes the rectum
97
regions of the stomach (cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric)
- cardiac: esophagus connects
| - pyloric: hard "lots of muscles"
98
persitalsis
-contraction of the stomach, that moves food through the intestines
99
tongue papillae
- rough projections on the tongue
| - some of these provide friction, which helps move food
100
tonsils (palatine, lingual, and adenoids)
- palatine tonsils: help protect the body against infections made of lymphatic tissues
- adenoids: enrage and bloc the passage between the nasal cavity and pharynx, surgical removal may be necessary(tonsillitis)
- lingual: anchored to the hyoid bone; covered with rounded masses of lymphatic tissues
101
uvula
- The soft palate forms a muscular arch, which extends posteriorly and downward as a cone-shaped projection called uvula.
- prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
102
deciduous teeth vs. permanent teeth
-deciduous teeth are the teeth that fall out and then the permanent teeth come in after them.
103
incisors vs. cuspids vs. bicuspids (premolars) vs. molars
- (incisors): sharp edges bite off large pieces of food
- cuspid(canine): grasp and tear food
- bicuspids(premolars)&molars: grind food particles
104
enamel
- covers the crown
| - mainly consists o calcium salts and is the hardest substance in the body.
105
salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)
parotid:
-largest of the major salivary glands.
-secrete a clear, watery fluid rich in salivary amylase because their secretory cells are primarily serous cells.
submandibular:
-floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the mandible
-secrete a more viscous fluid than the parotid glands.
sublingual:
-smallest of the major salivary glands
106
lower esophageal sphincter
-just superior to the point where the esophagus joins the stomach, some of the cells of the circular smooth muscle layer have increased sympathetic muscle tone and form it.
107
pyloric sphincter
- located at the end of the pyloric canal, a thickening of the circular layer of smooth muscle
- acts as a valve that controls gastric emptying into the small intestine
108
gastric glands
- contain three types of secretory cells: mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells
- found in the mucosa
109
enterogastric reflex
-the vagus nerve receives input from the duodenum that it is full and it then shuts off parasympathetic nerves so peristalsis is slowed down while the pyloric sphincter shuts so that no more chyme enters the duodenum.
110
chymotrypsin
- the active version of Chymotrypsinogen
- acinar cells: proteases
- trypsin activates it
111
carboxpeptidase
- the active version of procarboxypeptidase
- acinar cells: proteases
- trypsin activates it
- breaks off the carboxyl group from polypeptides
112
enterokinase
- converts trypsinogen into trypsin
- synthesized by the mucosal cells of the small intestine
- brush border enzyme
113
maltase
-splits the disaccharide maltose into the monosaccharide fructose
114
falciform ligament
-a fold of visceral peritoneum that separates the lobes and fastens the liver to the abdominal wall anteriorly
115
Kupffer cells
-fixed to the inner lining of the hepatic sinusoids, remove most of the bacteria from the blood by phagocytosis
116
common bile duct
- formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts
| - leads to the duodenum, where the hepatopancreatic sphincter muscle guards its exit.
117
greater omentum
-drapes like an apron from the stomach over the transverse colon and the folds of the small intestine.
118
mesentery
-supports the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall.
119
plicae circulares
-circular folds of mucosa that line the small intestine
120
ileocecal sphincter
- joins the small intestines ileum to the large intestine's cecum
- at the distal end of small intestine
121
intestinal flora
- bacteria that normally inhabits the large intestine
| - breaks down some of the molecules that escape the actions of human digestive enzymes
122
feces
- composed of materials not digested or absorbed, along with water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria
- 75% water
- color comes from bile
123
Which major salivary glands have ducts the enter the mouth opposite the upper second molars?
Parotid glands
124
Which region of the stomach attaches to the esophagus
cardiac
125
How many permanent bicuspids are in the mouth of a human adult
eight
126
Amylase chemically digests what?
carbohydrates
127
the auditory tube connects the middle ear with what?
nasopharynx
128
Enterokinase is synthesized by what?
brush border cells of the small intestine
129
which region of the colon attaches to the transverse colon at the hepatic flexure?
ascending colon
130
Which proenzyme is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach wall?
pepsinogen
131
Which intestinal tunic is associated with the visceral peritoneum?
serosa
132
What results from the enterogastric reflex?
inhibition of peristalsis
133
Which tonsils are int he nasopharynx?
adenoids/palatine} Pharyngeal
134
Maltose is secreted by what?
brush border cells
135
T/F) The pancreas aids in digestion of proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids.
True
136
Name the enzyme that splits plant starch and glycogen into disaccharides.
amylase
137
The gastric cells that secrete intrinsic factor are called what?
parietal cells
138
cholecystokinin
stimulates pancreatic enzymatic secretions
139
What is the function of the gallbladder?
store and concentrate bile
140
Three types of disaccharides and what they break into
maltose=glucose and glucose; sucrose=fructose and glucose; lactose=galactose and glucose
141
functions of the digestive system
absorption, protection, secretion, digestion, propulsion, and defacation
142
Trysinogen is synthesized by what?
acinar cells of the pancreas(proteases)
143
What is the function of the large intestine?
absorption of water and electrolytes
144
Which region of the colon attaches to the transverse colon at the splenic flexure?
Descending
145
Which proenzyme is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach wall?
pepsinogen
146
Which intestinal tunic is associated with he visceral peritoneum?
serosa
147
The spleen is located in what portion of the abdominal cavity?
upper left portion
148
Peyer's patches are found in the what?
small intestine
149
Teniae coli
bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon
150
Major duodenal papillae
the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter in the duodenum
151
muscles involved in mastication?
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and later pterygoid
152
function of bile
contains breakdown products from hemoglobin and emulsifies fats
153
function of bile salts
emulsify fat to fatty droplets
154
Where can stratified cuboidal be found?
stomach, large and small intestine
155
What do parasympathetic impulses do?
increase digestion, movement, and secretions
156
mouth to stomach
4-8secs
157
stomach to duodenum
4hrs
158
small intestine
3-6hrs
159
large intestine
12-24hrs
160
glycolysis takes part in what of the cell
cytoplasm
161
gonads
- the primary sex organs of the male are the two testes
| - makes gametes and haploid
162
gubernaculum
-a fibrous cord attached to each developing testis and extends into the inguinal region of the abdominal cavity
163
seminiferous tubules
-these tubules course posteriorly and unite to form a complex network of channels called the rete testis
164
epididymis
-the rete testis is in the mediastinum testis and gives rise to several ducts that join a tube
165
Leydig cells
- lies between the seminiferous tubules
| - produce and secrete male sex hormones
166
sertoli cells
-the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of supporting cells called sustentacular cells(Sertoli)
167
spermatogonia vs. oogonia
spermatogonia:
-undifferentiated spermatogenic cells
-46 chromosomes in its nucleus, the number for most human body cells
-located within the seminiferous tubules, adjacent to the inside surface of the surrounding basement membrane
oogonia:
168
meiosis vs. mitosis
meiosis:
-includes two successive divisions called the first and second meiotic divisions
mitosis:
-only one cell division
169
spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis
spermatogenesis:
-the combined processes of meiosis and spermatogenesis
-takes about 65-75 days from start to finish
oogenesis:
170
haploid vs. diploid
haploid:
-cells emerge from meiosis 1 with one member of each homologous pair
-a haploid cell has one set of chromosomes
diploid:
-has two sets of chromosomes that are in the form of 23 homologous chromosome pairs
171
homologous chromosomes
-the same, gene for gene
172
twin chromatids
- two DNA molecules, that are replicated from chromosomes before meiosis 1.
- each chromatid has the complete genetic information associated with that chromosome
173
centromeres
-regions that the chromatids of a replicated chromosome attach at
174
synapsis and cross-over
- synapsis: the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes touch at various points along their lengths
- cross over: an exchange between homologous chromosomes produces chromatids that contain genetic information from both parents
175
cytokinesis
- the moment when the membrane is splitting into two
| - happens during Anaphase1&2
176
acrosomal cap
-contains enzymes that aid the sperm cell in penetrating the layers surrounding the oocyte during fertilization
177
vas deferens
-each testis carries a developing vas deferns that in later development will form parts of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis in the scrotum
178
ejaculatory duct
-passes through the prostrate gland and empties into the urethra through a slitlike opening
179
seminal vesicle
-are convoluted, saclike structures about 5cm long, each attached to the ductus deferent on the posterior surface and near the base of the urinary bladder
180
prostate gland
- just inferior to the urinary bladder
| - secretes a thin, milky fluid
181
bulbourethral glands
-inferior to the prostrate gland lateral to the intermediate part of the urethra and are enclosed by muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm
182
capacitation
- weakens the acrosomal membranes
183
corpus spongiosum
- one of the three columns of the shaft of the penis
184
GnRH
- secretes gonadotropins
| - comes from the hypothalamus
185
LH vs. FSH
LH
-has been referred to as interstitial cell stimulating hormone
-promotes development of the interstitial cells of the testes, mainly testosterone.
FSH
-stimulates the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to proliferate, grow, mature, and respond to the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone
186
testosterone vs. dihydrotestosterone
```
testosterone
-secreted by the testes and transported in the blood, loosely attached to plasma proteins
dihydrotestosterone:
-converted from testosterone
-stimulates the cells of these organs
```
187
primary follicles vs. primary follicles
primordial follicles:
-formed by each primary oocyte being closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells
primary follicles:
-primordial follicles mature into primary follicles
188
secondary follicles vs. Graafian follicles
Graafian follicles:
- the mature antral follicle
- its fluid-filled cavity bulges outward on the surface of the ovary, like a blister
189
polar bodies
-when a primary oocyte divides, the cytoplasm is distributed unequally
190
zygote
-a large fertilized egg
191
granulosa cells
a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete
192
thecal cells
- follicles of the ovaries
- endocrine cells that synthesize estrogen and progesterone
- after ovulation they become part of the corpus luteum
193
zona pellucida
- a layer of glycoprotein
- acellular, made of fibers
- surrounds the egg like a shield
194
corona radiata
-mantle of follicular cells attached to the secondary oocytes within the mature follicle is large, spherical cell, surrounded by a thick zona pellucida
195
corpus luteum vs. corpus albicans
- corpus luteum: what is left of the follicle after ovulation
- corpus albicans: if the follicle doesn't become pregnant then the corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans.
196
fallopian tubes
- suspended by portions of the broad ligament and open near the ovaries
- this allows for the movement of the egg from the ovary to the uterus
197
endometrium vs. myometrium vs. perimetrium
- endometrium: the inner mucosal layer is covered with columnar epithelium and contains abundant tubular glands
- myometrium: thick, middle, mucosal layer, consists largely of bundles of smooth muscle fibers in longitudinal, circular, and spiral patterns and is interlaced with connective tissue
- perimetrium: consists of an outer serosal layer, which covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix
198
estrogens and progesterone
- estrogens: stimulate enlargement of reproductive organs; stimulate the endometrium to thicken; and are also responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sex development
- progesterone:
199
follicular phase vs. luteal phase
follicular
-before ovulation
luteal
-same as secretory phase
200
proliferative phase vs. secretory phase
- proliferative phase: increasing concentration of esterogens during the first week or so of a reproductive cycle changes the uterine lining, thickening the glandular endometrium
- secretory phase: Progesterone makes the endometrium more vascular and glandular. It also stimulates the uterine glands to secrete more glycogen and lipids
201
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.
202
ovulation
-releases the secondary oocyte and first polar body from the mature antral follicle
203
fertilization
the action or process of fertilizing an egg
204
T/F the corpus albicans is in the uterus
F, found in the ovaries
205
T/F Spermatogonia are diploid
T
206
T/F Sertoli cells are int he walls of seminiferous tubules
T
207
T/F Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is made in the hypothalamus.
T
208
T/F The luteal phase of the ovaries occurs after ovulation
T
209
T/F The corona radiate consists of granulosa cells
T
210
T/F primary follicles are ovulated
F
211
T/F Twin chromatids are pulled apart during anaphase 2.
F
212
T/F Synapsis occurs in both meiosis and mitosis
F
213
T/F Polar bodies are diploid
F; they are haploid
214
Changes in blood oxygen concentration are sensed by what?
carotid bodies
215
the chemical digestion of fats(lipids) mostly occurs where?
small intestine
