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Anatomy 2 > List 5 > Flashcards

List 5 Flashcards

1
Q

mucosa

A
  • Absorption, protection, and secretion

- Have three parts: surface epithelium, lamina Propria, and Muscular Mucosa

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2
Q

submucosa

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • the vessels nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials
  • transport
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3
Q

muscular externa

A
  • Propulsion

- Two layers: circular muscle(inner layer) and longitudinal muscle(outer horizontal)

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4
Q

serosa

A
  • Protection
  • Serosa: lined with epithelium(body cavity)
  • Adventitia: not lined with epithelium
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5
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • superior to the soft palate
  • communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing
  • contains the tonsil adenoids
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6
Q

oropharynx

A
  • posterior to the oral cavity

- a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity

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7
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • inferior to the oropharynx

- passageway to the esophagus

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8
Q

amylase

A

-an enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.

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9
Q

pepsinogen

A
  • An in-active form of pepsin that is produced by chief cells of gastric glands
  • hydrochloric acid causes it to become pepsin
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10
Q

trypsinogen

A
  • released by pancreatic cells(proteases) then dumped in the small intestine(duodenum)
  • activated to trypsin when it contacts the enzyme enterokinase, which the mucosa of the small intestine secretes
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11
Q

emulsification

A

-The break down of lipids from the bile salts emulsifying the lipids and the lipase breaking them apart.

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12
Q

duodenum vs. jejunum vs. ileum (Small Intestine)

A
  • duodenum: 25cm long and 5cm in diameter; it is the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; most important site for absorption
  • jejunum: 2/5 of the small intestine; has a greater diameter and a thicker wall
  • ileum: lymph nodes(Peyer’s Patches)
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13
Q

cecum

A

-beginning of the large intestine, dilated puttylike structure that hangs slightly inferior to the ileocecal opening

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14
Q

vermiform appendix

A

-is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops in the embryo.

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15
Q

colon(ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)

A

ascending:
-begins at the cecum and extends upward against the posterior abdominal wall to a point just inferior to the liver.
transverse:
-the longest and most movable part of the large intestine
-suspended by a folded peritoneum and sags in the middle below the stomach
descending:
-the transverse colon approaches the spleen, it turns abruptly downward and becomes the descending.
sigmoid:
-the colon makes an S shape, then becomes the rectum

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16
Q

regions of stomach (cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric)

A
  • cardiac: esophagus connects

- pyloric: hard “lots of muscles”

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17
Q

peristalsis

A

-contraction of the stomach, that moves food through the intestines

18
Q

tongue papillae

A
  • rough projections on the tongue

- some of these provide friction, which helps move food

19
Q

tonsils(palatine, lingual, and adenoids)

A
  • palatine tonsils: help protect the body against infections made of lymphatic tissues
  • adenoids: enrage and bloc the passage between the nasal cavity and pharynx, surgical removal may be necessary(tonsillitis)
  • lingual: anchored to the hyoid bone; covered with rounded masses of lymphatic tissues
20
Q

uvula

A
  • The soft palate forms a muscular arch, which extends posteriorly and downward as a cone-shaped projection called uvula.
  • prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
21
Q

deciduous teeth vs. permanent teeth

A

-deciduous teeth are the teeth that fall out and then the permanent teeth come in after them.

22
Q

incisors vs. cuspids vs. bicuspids (premolars) vs. molars

A
  • (incisors): sharp edges bite off large pieces of food
  • cuspid(canine): grasp and tear food
  • bicuspids(premolars)&molars: grind food particles
23
Q

enamel

A
  • covers the crown

- mainly consists o calcium salts and is the hardest substance in the body.

24
Q

salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)

A

parotid:
-largest of the major salivary glands.
-secrete a clear, watery fluid rich in salivary amylase because their secretory cells are primarily serous cells.
submandibular:
-floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the mandible
-secrete a more viscous fluid than the parotid glands.
sublingual:
-smallest of the major salivary glands

25
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

-just superior to the point where the esophagus joins the stomach, some of the cells of the circular smooth muscle layer have increased sympathetic muscle tone and form it.

26
Q

pyloric sphincter

A
  • located at the end of the pyloric canal, a thickening of the circular layer of smooth muscle
  • acts as a valve that controls gastric emptying into the small intestine
27
Q

gastric glands

A
  • contain three types of secretory cells: mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells
  • found in the mucosa
28
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

-the vagus nerve receives input from the duodenum that it is full and it then shuts off parasympathetic nerves so peristalsis is slowed down while the pyloric sphincter shuts so that no more chyme enters the duodenum.

29
Q

chymotrypsin

A
  • the active version of Chymotrypsinogen
  • acinar cells: proteases
  • trypsin activates it
30
Q

carboxpeptidase

A
  • the active version of procarboxypeptidase
  • acinar cells: proteases
  • trypsin activates it
  • breaks off the carboxyl group from polypeptides
31
Q

enterokinase

A
  • converts trypsinogen into trypsin
  • synthesized by the mucosal cells of the small intestine
  • brush border enzyme
32
Q

maltase

A

-splits the disaccharide maltose into the monosaccharide fructose

33
Q

falciform ligament

A

-a fold of visceral peritoneum that separates the lobes and fastens the liver to the abdominal wall anteriorly

34
Q

Kupffer cells

A

-fixed to the inner lining of the hepatic sinusoids, remove most of the bacteria from the blood by phagocytosis

35
Q

common bile duct

A
  • formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts

- leads to the duodenum, where the hepatopancreatic sphincter muscle guards its exit.

36
Q

greater omentum

A

-drapes like an apron from the stomach over the transverse colon and the folds of the small intestine.

37
Q

mesentery

A

-supports the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall.

38
Q

plicae circulares

A

-circular folds of mucosa that line the small intestine

39
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A
  • joins the small intestines ileum to the large intestine’s cecum
  • at the distal end of small intestine
40
Q

intestinal flora

A
  • bacteria that normally inhabits the large intestine

- breaks down some of the molecules that escape the actions of human digestive enzymes

41
Q

feces

A
  • composed of materials not digested or absorbed, along with water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria
  • 75% water
  • color comes from bile

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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