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Anatomy 2 > List #8 > Flashcards

List #8 Flashcards

1
Q

gonads

A
  • the primary sex organs of the male are the two testes

- makes gametes and haploid

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2
Q

gubernaculum

A

-a fibrous cord attached to each developing testis and extends into the inguinal region of the abdominal cavity

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3
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

-these tubules course posteriorly and unite to form a complex network of channels called the rete testis

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4
Q

epididymis

A

-the rete testis is in the mediastinum testis and gives rise to several ducts that join a tube

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5
Q

Leydig cells

A
  • lies between the seminiferous tubules

- produce and secrete male sex hormones

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6
Q

Sertoli cells

A

-the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of supporting cells called sustentacular cells(Sertoli)

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7
Q

spermatogonia vs. oogonia

A

spermatogonia:
-undifferentiated spermatogenic cells
-46 chromosomes in its nucleus, the number for most human body cells
-located within the seminiferous tubules, adjacent to the inside surface of the surrounding basement membrane
oogonia:

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8
Q

meiosis vs. mitosis

A

meiosis:
-includes two successive divisions called the first and second meiotic divisions
mitosis:
-only one cell division

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9
Q

spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis

A

spermatogenesis:
-the combined processes of meiosis and spermatogenesis
-takes about 65-75 days from start to finish
oogenesis:
-

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10
Q

haploid vs. diploid

A

haploid:
-cells emerge from meiosis 1 with one member of each homologous pair
-a haploid cell has one set of chromosomes
diploid:
-has two sets of chromosomes that are in the form of 23 homologous chromosome pairs

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

-the same, gene for gene

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12
Q

twin chromatids

A
  • two DNA molecules, that are replicated from chromosomes before meiosis 1.
  • each chromatid has the complete genetic information associated with that chromosome
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13
Q

centromeres

A

-regions that the chromatids of a replicated chromosome attach at

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14
Q

synapsis and cross over

A
  • synapsis: the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes touch at various points along their lengths
  • cross over: an exchange between homologous chromosomes produces chromatids that contain genetic information from both parents
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15
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • the moment when the membrane is splitting into two

- happens during Anaphase1&2

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16
Q

acrosomal cap

A

-contains enzymes that aid the sperm cell in penetrating the layers surrounding the oocyte during fertilization

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17
Q

vas deferens

A

-each testis carries a developing vas deferns that in later development will form parts of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis in the scrotum

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18
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

-passes through the prostrate gland and empties into the urethra through a slitlike opening

19
Q

seminal vesicle

A

-are convoluted, saclike structures about 5cm long, each attached to the ductus deferent on the posterior surface and near the base of the urinary bladder

20
Q

prostrate gland

A
  • just inferior to the urinary bladder

- secretes a thin, milky fluid

21
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

-inferior to the prostrate gland lateral to the intermediate part of the urethra and are enclosed by muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm

22
Q

capacitation

A
  • weakens the acrosomal membranes
23
Q

corpus spongiosum

A
  • one of the three columns of the shaft of the penis
24
Q

GnRH

A
  • secretes gonadotropins

- comes from the hypothalamus

25
Q

LH vs. FSH

A

LH
-has been referred to as interstitial cell stimulating hormone
-promotes development of the interstitial cells of the testes, mainly testosterone.
FSH
-stimulates the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to proliferate, grow, mature, and respond to the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone

26
Q

testosterone vs. dihydrotestosterone

A 
testosterone
-secreted by the testes and transported in the blood, loosely attached to plasma proteins
dihydrotestosterone:
-converted from testosterone
-stimulates the cells of these organs
27
Q

primordial follicles vs. primary follicles

A

primordial follicles:
-formed by each primary oocyte being closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells
primary follicles:
-primordial follicles mature into primary follicles

28
Q

secondary follicles vs. Graafian follicles

A

Graafian follicles:

  • the mature antral follicle
  • its fluid-filled cavity bulges outward on the surface of the ovary, like a blister
29
Q

polar bodies

A

-when a primary oocyte divides, the cytoplasm is distributed unequally

30
Q

zygote

A

-a large fertilized egg

31
Q

granulosa cells

A

a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete

32
Q

thecal cells

A
  • follicles of the ovaries
  • endocrine cells that synthesize estrogen and progesterone
  • after ovulation they become part of the corpus luteum
33
Q

zona pellucida

A
  • a layer of glycoprotein
  • acellular, made of fibers
  • surrounds the egg like a shield
34
Q

corona radiata

A

-mantle of follicular cells attached to the secondary oocytes within the mature follicle is large, spherical cell, surrounded by a thick zona pellucida

35
Q

corpus luteum vs. corpus albicans

A
  • corpus luteum: what is left of the follicle after ovulation
  • corpus albicans: if the follicle doesn’t become pregnant then the corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans.
36
Q

fallopian tubes

A
  • suspended by portions of the broad ligament and open near the ovaries
  • this allows for the movement of the egg from the ovary to the uterus
37
Q

endometrium vs. myometrium vs. perimetrium

A
  • endometrium: the inner mucosal layer is covered with columnar epithelium and contains abundant tubular glands
  • myometrium: thick, middle, mucosal layer, consists largely of bundles of smooth muscle fibers in longitudinal, circular, and spiral patterns and is interlaced with connective tissue
  • perimetrium: consists of an outer serosal layer, which covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix
38
Q

estrogens and progesterone

A
  • estrogens: stimulate enlargement of reproductive organs; stimulate the endometrium to thicken; and are also responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sex development
  • progesterone:
39
Q

follicular phase vs. luteal phase

A

follicular
-before ovulation
luteal
-same as secretory phase

40
Q

proliferative phase vs. secretory phase

A
  • proliferative phase: increasing concentration of esterogens during the first week or so of a reproductive cycle changes the uterine lining, thickening the glandular endometrium
  • secretory phase: Progesterone makes the endometrium more vascular and glandular. It also stimulates the uterine glands to secrete more glycogen and lipids
41
Q

hCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.

42
Q

ovulation

A

-releases the secondary oocyte and first polar body from the mature antral follicle

43
Q

fertilization

A

the action or process of fertilizing an egg

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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