Test 2: Lecture 20: Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental (congenital) defects fall into 2 general categories:

A

genetic
environmental (teratogenic)

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2
Q

Variants at a single locus

A

alleles

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3
Q

heterozygous animals show which phenotype

A

dominant allele

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4
Q

phenotype only in homozygous animal

A

recessive

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5
Q

ABO blood groups: AB type is an example of what type of genotype-phenotype alleles

A

co dominant

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6
Q

intermediate phenotype in heterozygous,

A

partially dominant

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7
Q

another name for of partially dominant allele

A

Haploinsufficiency

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8
Q

explain partial/incomplete dominance and what is another name for this?

A

the heterozygote displays a intermediate phenotype

(one of which is homozygous dominant, and the other of which is homozygous recessive

example: pink flower, stranger thing kid

haploinsufficiency

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9
Q

co dominance of alleles

A

occurs when the phenotypes of both parents are simultaneously expressed in the same offspring organism.

blood typing

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10
Q

albinism is an example of ___ . What gene is affected?

A

autosomal recessive

tyrosinase

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11
Q

dwarfism in chickens is a ___ mutation

A

sex linked

ZZ (male)

ZW (female)

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12
Q

myotonia congenita is a mutation in what gene? and what type of mutation

A

chloride channel

autosomal recessive or dominant

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13
Q

X linked muscular dystrophy is a ___ mutation

A

sex linked XX/XY

dystrophin

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14
Q

mutation in RYR1 gene leads to what?

A

malignant hyperthermia in pigs

dominant negative activity

1 dominant copy and 1 mutated copy C730G

Autosomal dominant mutations in ryanodine receptor (RYR1, a calcium channel in muscle)

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15
Q

chromosomal abnormalities can be observed ___

A

cytologically

(spread out chromosomes on slide and look what is wrong)

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16
Q

___ is an uneven number of chromosomes

A

aneuploidy

17
Q

example of monosomy

A

turner syndrome (XO)

18
Q

example of trisomy

A

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

19
Q

chromosomal rearrangements can be :

A

deletions, inversions, translocations

20
Q

Robertsonian translocations t(1;29)-common and t(14;20)-rare

Animals often viable, but not ___

A

fertile.

happens in cattle

21
Q

Selection for a single phenotypic trait during breeding can have ___ genetic consequences

A

deleterious

22
Q

example of single trait selection leading to bad outcome

A

aggressive rapist roosters

it is believed that continuous selection for large breast size in the population resulted in the inability of the rooster to breed.

23
Q

___ are agents that can cause a permanent alteration to structure or function of an embryo or fetus

24
Q

___ are therapeutic drug side effects

A

iatrogenesis

25
Some examples of teratogens
Environmental pollutants Therapeutic drug side effects (iatrogenesis) Poisonous plants and fungus + Infectious agents Infection (bacterial/viral/parasitic) Ionizing radiation Maternal metabolic imbalance (phenylketonurea)
26
Wilson's six principles of teratology Susceptibility depends on \_\_\_of conceptus
genotype
27
Wilson's six principles of teratology Susceptibility varies with \_\_\_
developmental stage
28
Wilson's six principles of teratology ## Footnote Manifestations of deviant development increase in frequency and degree as \_\_\_increases from No Observable Adverse
dosage Effect Level (NOAEL) to 100: lethality (LD100)
29
Four manifestations of deviant development:
death malformation growth retardation functional defect
30
when is the embryo most susceptible to chemical teratogens
gastrulation- organogenesis
31
late developing structures such as ___ remain susceptible until late in gestation
palate parts of urogenital/repro system cerebellum
32
mycotoxins are
fungal metabolites may be found in **fungal infected feed**
33
How to detect teratogen
**HPLC-MS/MS (zearalenone, aflatoxin patulin** (high pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry) **Colorimetric enzymatic assays, kits** (aflatoxin)
34
latrogenic teratogens are
side effects to therapeutic drugs
35
types of teratogens
environmental pollutants mycotoxins: fungal metabolites iatrogenic (side effect to therapeutic drugs poisonous plants viruses bacteria protozoa metabolic/ dietary effects
36
immunotolerance
persistent infection of offspring, not always readily noted, helps maintain disease in population!
37
Feline Panleukopenia V. is often \_\_\_
parvoviruses often teratogenic
38
Teratogen excess Vit A can lead to \_\_\_ decreased Vit A can lead to \_\_\_
(a) deficiency-blindness (b) excess- cranio-caudal axis and limb formation in embryos. * RA can alter Hox gene expression, neural crest migration. RA dietary supplementation →CNS defects, cleft palate, thymic aplasia, heart abnormalities*.