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21 fall: Dev Bio > lecture 4 germline 1 > Flashcards

lecture 4 germline 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

down syndrome is

A

trisomy 21

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2
Q

XXY

A

klinefelter syndrome

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3
Q

turner syndrome

A

XO

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4
Q

these cells pass genetic information from one generation to the next

A

germ cells

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5
Q

__ is made from RNA binding proteins involved in translational control

A

Germ plasm

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6
Q

name two types of RNA binding proteins used by germ plasm

A

VASA, Tudor

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7
Q

in frogs, germ plasm is found in

A

the vegetal pole cytoplasm

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8
Q

in flies, germ plasm is characterized by

A

polar granules in fertilized eggs

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9
Q

in mammals, ___ are released by extra-embryonic tissue into the border of the epiblast and stimulate the change of cells into PCG precursor cells

A

BMP

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10
Q

BMP stands for

A

bone morphogenetic protein

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11
Q

common BMP factors in mice

A

BMP-4 and BMP-86

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12
Q

if germ plasm in frogs is irradiated, what happens to germ cells?

A

germ cells will not be produced

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13
Q

what are the three steps of PGC specification

A
  1. repression of somatic programs
  2. re-aquisition of potential pluripotency
  3. genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming
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14
Q

what are expressed by PGCs

A

Prdm

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15
Q

what does Prdm stand for

A

PR-domain containing transcription factors

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16
Q

What helps with the last two steps of PGC specifications

A
  1. re-aquisition of potential pluripotency
  2. genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming

Prdm 14

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17
Q

What TF helps with all three steps of PGC specifications

A

Prdm 1

  1. repression of somatic programs
  2. re-aquisition of potential pluripotency
  3. genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming
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18
Q

what are some non functional markers expressed by PGCs

A

TNAP- tissue non-specific alkaline phosphate
Fragilis
Stella

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19
Q

what is the migration of PGCs

A 
border of epiblast
extra-embryonic mesoderm
base of allantois
move around hindgut through dorsal mesentery
genital ridges
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20
Q

once PGCs express ___ and ___ their fate is ___

A

Prdm1 and Prdm14

determined- can’t change into other cells

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21
Q

PGCs proliferate from ___ cells to ___ cells. This happens around day ___ in mice

A

45
20,000
E 11.5

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22
Q

Migration of PGCs are helped by ___ such as ___ produced by ___

A

chemokine factor
Sdf1
surrounding tissues

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23
Q

Sdf1 is

A

stromal cell-derived factor 1

24
Q

___ is a ____ receptor on ___ that attaches to Sdf1

A

Cxcr4
chemokine
PGC

25
Q

___ is a receptor for steel factor and is expressed by ____

A

c-Kit

PGCs

26
Q

___ is a cell surface molecule on PGCs

A

beta1 integrin

27
Q

Steel + W is __ and leads to ___ by interfering with ___

A

dominant white spotting
sterility, anemia and white coat
PCG survival, proliferation and migration

28
Q

Steel factor (SI) is the product of the ___ locus and the ligand for ____

A

steel

c-Kit

29
Q

___ is a tyrosine kinase receptor and is a product of the ___ locus

A

c-kit

W

30
Q

gonad differentiation occurs at day ___ in mice

A

E12.5

31
Q

___ is the sex determining gene from Y. Produced day ___

A

Sry expression

E10.5-11.5

32
Q

before day ___ germ cells are bipotential meaning ____

A

12.5

they can become male or female

33
Q

___ is the enzyme that degrades retinoic acid

A

CYP26B1

34
Q

In testes. CYP26B1 is ___ then there is ___ RA and Stra8 is ___ which will ___ meiosis.

A

on
decreased
off
stop

35
Q

In ovaries. CYP26B1 is ___ then there is ___ RA and Stra8 is ___ which will ___ meiosis.

A

off
increased
on
start meiosis

36
Q

if stra8 is on then ___

A

meiosis starts

37
Q

__ are mother cells that help spem production

A

sertoli cells

38
Q

what are the 4 stages of prophase

A

leptotene
zygotene
pachytene
diplotene

39
Q

meiosis steps

A 
PMAT 1 and PMAT 2
P- homologous pairs (male and female) match up and cross over happens
M- homologous pairs line up
A- homologous pairs are pulled apart
T- two cells are formed by cytokinesis

P- chromosomes condense
M- sister chromatids line up in center
A- sister chromatids are divided
T- 4 haploid (1N, 1 C) unique cells

40
Q

reciprocal exchange of genetic material between homologous pairs

A

meiotic recombination

41
Q

two ways meiosis 1 is different from mitosis

A

recombination of homologous pairs

segregation of homologous pairs

42
Q

what happens in leptotene phase and what step is it

A

chromosomes begin to condense and become visible as long threadlike structures

step 1 of prophase 1

43
Q

what happens in zygotene phase and what step is it

A

partial synapsis
SYCP1 only located on synapsed regions but not on unsynapsed regions

step 2 of prophase 1

44
Q

what happens in pachytene phase and what step is it

A

cross over between homologous chromosomes, complete synapsis

step 3 of prophase 1

45
Q

what happens in diplotene phase and what step is it

A

synapsis starts to break away but held together by chiasmata

step 4 of prophase 1

46
Q

site of recombination

A

chiasmata

47
Q

what stage is the first meiosis stop in females and when does it stop

A

Diplotene phase (step 4 of prophase 1) stops before fetus is born

48
Q

when does meiosis restart for females

A

before ovulation at puberty increase levels of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) triggers the completion of meiosis 1 creating a polar body and secondary oocyte (daughter cell). Meiosis 2 is stopped at Metaphase 2

49
Q

when does the 2nd meiosis restart for females

A

at fertilization. when sperm enters egg, meiosis 2 restarts and creates polar body and daughter cell.

50
Q

what phase is a dog oocyte in when ovulated and how is it different then humans

A

dog oocyte at prophase I when ovulated, humans oocyte ovulated at Metaphase II

51
Q

what are some differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

oogenesis

  • limited number
  • meiosis stops twice
  • only 1 gamete(oocyte produced)
  • differentiation of gamete occurs before completion of meiosis

Spermatogenesis

  • unlimited number due to spermatogonial stem cells
  • meiosis starts at puberty and is continuous
  • 4 sperm produced
  • differentiation while haploid
52
Q

___ are cells that produce testosterone

A

interstitial Leydig cells

53
Q

___ is where spermatogenesis occurs

A

seminiferous tubules

54
Q

briefly explain spermatogenesis

A 
PGC + Sry expression CYB26B1 on
spermatogonia- mitotic division
primary spermatocyte- meiosis I
2- secondary spermatocyte- meiosis II
4- spermatid- (haploid) residual body leaves
4- spermatozoa
55
Q

briefly explain oogenesis

A

PGC CYB26B1 off
OOGONIA- enters meiosis I stops at diplotene prophase- follicle cells become granulosa cells
PRIMARY OOCYTE- granulosa cells fatten
PRIMARY FOLLICLE- Puberty hits, FSH stimulates many layers of granulosa
SECONDARY FOLLICLE- antrum , ZP and cumulus oophorus form
TERTIARY FOLLICLE- cell restarts Meiosis I creating daughter and polar body- stops at Metaphase II- cell is ovulated *breaks out of follicle- still within ZP
SECONDARY OOCYTE- stays in Metaphase II until fertilization- completes Meiosis II creates oocyte and polar body. That oocyte then ready to combine with sperm and do mitosis.

56
Q

mules have an odd number of chromosome which means ___ can’t happen. this is called ___.

A

meiosis

hybrid sterility

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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