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21 fall: Dev Bio > test 2 digestive system > Flashcards

test 2 digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

mesoderm turns into

A

paraxial mesoderm → somites→

  • dematome-dorsal skin dermis
  • sclerotome- axial skelelton
  • myotome- skeletal muscles
  • syndetome- tendon cell progenitors

intermediate mesoderm

  • urogenital/ repro → kidneys and gonads

lateral mesoderm

  • splanchnic → structural components of respiratory tract and gut, hematopoietic system, endothelium
  • somatic mesoderm → limb skeleton, body cavity, ventral skin dermis
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2
Q

what is the area in between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm?

A

intraembryonic coelom

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3
Q

splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm

A

splanchnopleure

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4
Q

somatic mesoderm and ectoderm

A

somatopleure

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5
Q

somatopleure

A

somatic mesoderm and ectoderm

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6
Q

splanchnopleure

A

splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm

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7
Q

intraembryonic coelom

A
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8
Q

The epithelial components of the GI tract, including those of the associated glands, are derived from the ___ germ layer (along with the respiratory tract).

A

endodermal

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9
Q

The ___ components of the GI tract generate mucosal epithelium, mucosal glands, and submucosal glands (aka ____) of the intestine, liver, pancreas, stomach, trachea, esophagus, and gall bladder

A
  • epithelial*
  • Parenchyma*
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10
Q

the epithelial components of the GI tract generate the ___, ___ and ___ of the intestine, liver, pancreas, stomach, trachea, esophagus, and gall bladder

A

mucosal epithelium, mucosal glands, and submucosal glands (aka Parenchyma)

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11
Q

The connective tissue and muscle of the primitive gut are derived from the ____

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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12
Q

splanchnic mesoderm in the digestive tract gives rise to

A

lamina propria

muscularis mucosae (thin mucosal smooth muscle below epithelium) ,

submucosal connective tissue and blood vessels,

muscularis externa (smooth muscle of the GI tract),

adventitia/serosa (outermost connective tissue enveloping organs).

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13
Q

thin mucosal smooth muscle below epithelium

A

muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

outermost smooth muscle of the GI tract

A

muscularis externa

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15
Q

outermost connective tissue enveloping organs

A

adventitia/serosa

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16
Q

neural crest gives rise to what in the primitive gut?

A

neurons and nerves of the submucosal and myenteric plexes.

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17
Q

mucosa= ____ and ___

A

lamina propria and epithelium

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18
Q

what part of the primitive gut are formed by endodermal derivatives

A

all glands (glands in submucosa and lamina propria)

epithelial components of villi

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19
Q

part of the primitive gut formed by mesodermal derivatives

A

Mesoderm (via lateral plate mesoderm-splanchnic mesoderm):

lamina propria

muscularis mucosae

muscularis externa

basement membrane (submucosal connective tissue)

Serosa

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20
Q

Craniocaudal folding, or flexion, is driven by the rapid extension of the ____

A

neural plate

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21
Q

_____ cause the opening of the gut tube to the yolk sac to draw closed forming a pocket toward the head end of the embryo, which will form the foregut, and a posterior (or caudal) “intestinal portal” toward the tail of the embryo, which will form the hindgut.

A

Cranio-caudal and lateral folding

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22
Q

Cranio-caudal and lateral folding cause the opening of the gut tube to the yolk sac to draw closed forming a pocket toward the posterior (or caudal) “____” toward the tail of the embryo, which will form the ___

A

intestinal portal

hindgut.

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23
Q

The originally wide opening between the gut and yolk sac is reduced to a narrow passage called the ____

A

Vitelline duct

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24
Q

another name for Vitelline duct

A

yolk stalk

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25
Q

what happens when the vitelline duct closes off

A

vitelline duct is passage between gut and yolk sac (transient structure) when this is sealed off yolk sac will be sealed off and degrades

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26
Q

what is the name of the cranial membrane that seals the digestive tube

A

buccopharyngeal membranes

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27
Q

what is the name of the caudal membrane of that seals the digestive tube

A

cloacal membrane

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28
Q

what is this pointing too?

A

buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes

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29
Q

what is the red point?

A

vitelline duct

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30
Q

what are these pointing too?

A
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31
Q
A
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32
Q

what are the three regions of the gut?

A

foregut

midgut

hindgut

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33
Q

what are the derivatives of the foregut?

A

Trachea

Esophagus

Stomach

Liver

Gallbladder/bile ducts

Pancreas

Upper duodenum

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34
Q

what are the derivatives of the midgut

A

Lower duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Cecum

Appendix

Ascending colon

Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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35
Q

what are the derivatives of the hind gut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Upper anal canal

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36
Q

how is the gut divided?

A

divided by the nerve that innervates them

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37
Q

hox code is controlled by

A

cranio-caudal retinoic acid gradient

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38
Q

what controls what is formed along the primitive gut

A

hox code

controlled by cranio-caudal retinoic aid grandient

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39
Q

___ forms lining/epithelia and secretory elements of the digestive tube and glands (___)

A
  • Endoderm*
  • Parenchyma*
40
Q

___ forms connective tissue, smooth muscles for peristalsis, ___ of liver and pancreas.

A
  • Mesoderm*
  • Stroma*
41
Q

most mesoderm derivative are ___ in nature and are called the ___

A

mesenchyme

stroma

42
Q

most derivatives of the endoderm are ___ in nature and are called ___

A

epithelial

parenchyma

43
Q

The region of the foregut just caudal to the pharynx develops two longitudinal ridges called the ___

A

tracheoesophageal folds

44
Q

tracheoesophageal folds that divide the tube ventrally into the ___ (and subsequent lung buds), and dorsally into the ___

A

trachea

esophagus.

45
Q

The esophagus is initially____ and must grow in length to keep up with the overall growth in length of the embryo.

A

short

46
Q

when tracheosophageal folds form the rest of the gut tube, the lumen of the esophagus becomes temporarily ___ around the 5th week of development and ___ by around the 9th week.

A

OCCLUDED

recanalizes

47
Q
A
48
Q

lung buds turn into

A

bronchial bubs

49
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

(abnormal closure) occurs when the tracheoesophageal ridges deviate too far dorsally causing the upper esophagus to end as a closed tube. Often accompanied by a tracheoesophageal fistula, in which case gut contents can be aspirated into the lungs after birth causing inflammation (pneumonitis) or even infection (pneumonia).

50
Q

Esophageal stenosis

A

occurs when the esophagus fails to recanalize. (doesn’t open back up_

51
Q

Congenital hiatal hernia

A

occurs when the esophagus fails to grow adequately in length. As a result, the esophagus is too short and therefore pulls the cardiac stomach into the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm. The resulting compromised structure of the hiatus can allow other gut contents (usually loops of small bowel) to herniate up into the thoracic cavity.

52
Q

disorder when esophagus doesn’t open up again (__)

A

Esophageal stenosis

recanalize

53
Q

esophageal atresia can lead to

A

esophagus not connected to each other

or

esophagus and trachea fused (fistula)- in which case gut contents can be aspirated into the lungs after birth causing inflammation (pneumonitis) or even infection (pneumonia).

54
Q

proliferation of mesoderm-derived smooth muscle in the caudal end of the stomach forms the ___

A

pyloric sphincter.

55
Q

Developing stomach attached to body walls by ___

A

dorsal/ventral mesentery

56
Q

dorsal/ventral mesentery turn into

A

greater and lesser omenta (folds of the peritoneum that connect the stomach with other abdominal organs).

57
Q

formation of the stomach appears first as a dilation of the foregut endoderm which undergoes a 90° rotation such that the left side moves ___ and the right side moves ___

A

ventrally

dorsally

58
Q

the vagus nerves follow the rotation of the forming stomach which is how the left vagus becomes ___ and the right vagus becomes ___.

A

anterior

posterior

59
Q

differential growth on the left and right sides of the stomach establishes the ___ and ___

A

greater and lesser curvatures

60
Q

cranio-caudal rotation of the stomach tips the pylorus ___

A

superiorly

61
Q

the liver grows ___ then the rest of the primitive gut

A

faster

62
Q

greater curvature (___border) and the lesser curvature (___ border)

A

dorsal

ventral

63
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

Congenital defect (dogs, humans).

1/350 live births in humans, 80% males, familial incidence.

Defect in innervation causes hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle and projectile vomiting and poor growth. Can be corrected with resection of the sphincter.

64
Q

what are the four chambers of the ruminant stomach

A

Rumen-Reticulum-Omasum-Abomasum

65
Q

which chamber of a ruminant stomach is used for digestion?

A

abomasum

66
Q

Mesoderm of the ___ (& developing heart (also mesoderm) signal endoderm to form liver

A

septum transversum

67
Q

septum transversum

A

(the mesoderm of the septum transversum and developing heart send out signals that induce this region of endoderm to become liver).

68
Q

the parenchyma of the liver (___ and branched tubules of bile ducts) intercalates within the tissue of the ___ and the plexus of vitelline vessels, accounting for the overall architecture observed in the adult (plates of hepatocytes, which are endoderm derived, surrounded by vascular sinusoids, which are mesoderm derived).

A

cords of hepatocytes

septum transversum

69
Q

in an adult liver the structure is

A

plates of hepatocytes, which are endoderm derived,

surrounded by vascular sinusoids, which are mesoderm derived

70
Q

The cardiac mesoderm signals a competent endoderm to become liver…the endoderm is ___

A

pre-patterned.

71
Q

Turns out, ___derived from cardiac mesoderm are necessary and sufficient to induce liver formation

A

FGFs

72
Q

explain competence vs specification

A

competence has to come first

Liver:

spectum transversum produces Bmps which binds to endoderm and makes it competent to bind with Fgfs (competence get it ready to bind to something)

once the endoderm is competent cardiac mesoderm produces Fgf and the competent endoderm binds to these signals which triggers the competent endoderm to specify into liver

73
Q

___ from Septum Transversum provide ___, subsequently Cardiac mesoderm-derived ___ drive ____

A

BMPS Competence

FGFs specification

74
Q

explain competence and specification at a molecular level

A

competence opens chromatin and gets it ready to bind to transcription factors which will activate/specify a gene

75
Q
A

Competence and specification at the molecular level:

binding of pioneer transcription factors Foxa/Gata4 to repressed chromatin at the Albumin enhancer signifies competence. Subsequent binding of Nf1 and C/EBP transcription factors activate transcription post-specification.

76
Q

pancreas formation

The endodermal lining of the foregut forms TWO outgrowths caudal to the forming liver: ___

A

ventral pancreatic bud and the dorsal pancreatic bud.

77
Q

pancreas formation

A

ventral pancreatic bud and the dorsal pancreatic bud.

within each bud, the endoderm develops into branched tubules attached to secretory acini (the exocrine pancreas). The endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans) arise from stem cells at the duct branch points that then develop into discrete islands of vascularized endocrine tissue within the parenchyma of the exocrine glandular tissue.

Primary rotation of the gut tube causes the ventral and dorsal buds to merge together into what is usually a SINGLE organ in the adult

78
Q

The endocrine pancreas (____) arise from stem cells at the duct branch points that then develop into discrete islands of vascularized endocrine tissue within the parenchyma of the exocrine glandular tissue.

A

islets of Langerhans

79
Q

the endoderm develops into branched tubules attached to secretory acini (___).

A

the exocrine pancreas

80
Q

Primary rotation of the gut tube causes the ventral and dorsal buds of the pancreas to ___

A

merge

SINGLE organ in most adult species

81
Q

pancreas

Shh is ___ and ___ is active

A

inactive/repressed

The pancreas is specified by interactions with blood vessels and notochord that repress endodermal Shh

Pdx1

82
Q

Signaling molecules FGF and Activin bind cell surface receptors on epithelial cells to activate transcription factors including ___ and __ to specify pancreatic cell fate.

A

Isl-1

Pdx1

83
Q

how are islet formed?

A

in pancreas beta- cells leave epithelium- EMT like

form islet

84
Q

beta islet formation is by migration of ___ and adhesion by ___

A

TGF beta, MMPs, Timps, Integrins

Cadherins, CAMs

85
Q

As liver growth accelerates, the midgut loop cannot be contained in the peritoneal cavity and it herniates into the umbilical cord (___).

A

Physiological Umbilical Hernia

86
Q

Physiological Umbilical Hernia

A

As liver growth accelerates, the midgut loop cannot be contained in the peritoneal cavity and it herniates into the umbilical cord

87
Q

•Proximal limb of the midgut loop grows faster and gives rise to the ___ coils.

A

jejunal and ileal

88
Q

Distal limb of the midgut loop grows slower and gives rise to the ____

A

cecum and colon.

89
Q

•Small intestinal coils sink back into the peritoneal cavity, ___ rotates .

A

midgut loop

90
Q

•Jejunum withdraws from the hernia, then ileum, then cecum and transverse colon and the yolk stalk ___

A

normally degenerates

91
Q

Intestinal development involves ___, ___ and __

A

looping, rotation, and herniation.

92
Q

The developing vertebrate gut tube forms a ___ pattern as it grows into the body cavity

A

reproducible looped

93
Q

Gut looping morphogenesis is driven by forces that arise from the relative growth between the ___ and the anchoring dorsal ___, tissues that grow at different rates.

A

gut tube (grows fast)

mesenteric sheet (grows slow)

94
Q

the developing gut tube folds are ___ and are similar between animals of the ___ species

A

predictable

same

95
Q

4 things normal in embryo by abnormal for baby

A
  • Physiological Umbilical Hernia*
  • Yolk Stalk/Meckel’s Diverticulum (remnant of vitteline duct)*
  • Lack of intestinal lumen*
  • Cloacal Membrane*
96
Q

___ is a defect in neural crest-derived neurons innervating the submucosal and myenteric plexes

A

White Foal Lethal (Ileocolonic aganglionosis)

fatal defect

end of intestine not innervated, unable to digest and dies

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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