Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

21 fall: Dev Bio > test 2 head and neck > Flashcards

test 2 head and neck Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mesenchyme forming head and neck is derived from 3 major sources ___

A

neural crest
paraxial mesoderm
lateral plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neural plate mesoderm gives rise to ___ of the head

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

paraxial mesoderm gives rise to ___ of the head

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lateral plate mesoderm give rise to ___ of the head

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Patterning of the head and neck mesenchyme is closely coordinated with patterning of ___

A

neural epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

•Vertebrate embryos pass through a ___ after organogenesis-recreating evolutionarily conserved structures that are highly resistant to evolutionary change

A

phylotypic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ segmentation is characteristic of the phylotypic stage

A

•Hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Variation in vertebrate morphology arises after this conserved stage. What stage?

A

phylotypic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___ segmentation is a conserved strategy used by

vertebrates for organizing the diverse craniofacial features

A

Hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rhombomeres: segments composed of ___ epithelial cells from Neurulation;

A

ECTODERMAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___ are precursors to hindbrain and peripheral neurons

A

rhombomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rhombomeres not only produce neuronal tissue, they also coordinate ___ formation through interactions with mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal cells.

A

craniofacial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rhombomeres directly contribute cells to ___ through the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and migration of Neural Crest cells.

A

craniofacial bones and cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the neural tube closes and forms three major segments

A

forebrain (prosencephalon)

midbrain (medsencephalon)

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rhombomeres are formed by segmentation of ___ and the neural crest undergoes ___ through EMT.

A

hind brain

delamitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hox in mammals vs Hox in fly

A

control expression from cranial to caudal

mammals have duplication of Hox genes

4 orthologous sets of paralogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 ___ sets of paralogs

A

orthologous

An orthologous gene is a gene in different species that evolved from a common ancestor by speciation.

Paralogs are homologous genes/proteins that are related or produced by duplication within a genome followed by subsequent divergence.

hox genes in mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

An ___ is a gene in different species that evolved from a common ancestor by speciation.

A

orthologous gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___ are homologous genes/proteins that are related or produced by duplication within a genome followed by subsequent divergence.

A

Paralogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Hox code defines ___segmentation

A

rhombomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the 2nd rhombomere is controlled by ___

A

Hox A2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pharyngeal arches are derived from ___

A

mesoderm and neural crest (ectoderm that went through EMT to become mesenchyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pharyngeal cleft is derived form ___

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pharyngeal pouch is derived from

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The dramatic migration of neural crest cells from rhombomeres into mesoderm results in the formation of the ___

A

pharyngeal arches

26
Q

___ are exclusive derivatives of Pharyngeal arches that develop into gills of fish, and Pharyngeal arches are the proper ___ term.

A

Branchial arches

mammalian

27
Q

Cells in the rhombomeres progressively lose the ability to respond to environmental signals. ie, their epigenetic identity becomes progressively ___ over time

A

fixed

28
Q

No evidence of pre-programming of fate- there is ___ in the Hox code, but the ___ is lost with time.

A
  • plasticity*
  • plasticity*
29
Q

Cells transplanted from one rhombomere to another adopt new identities, unless they are transplanted in ___, where they maintain their original identity by ___ and ___

A

larger groups

Cell-Cell communication, mutual reinforcement of identity.

30
Q

Note in the hindbrain, ___ is observed in single dispersed cells and ___ in cell groups or clusters.

A

plasticity

autonomy

31
Q

The ___ plays an important role in Hox code expression in neural crest cells of the rhombomeres.

A

mesoderm

32
Q

•Rhombomere ablation does not affect patterning of the mesoderm (pharyngeal arch), endoderm (pharyngeal pouch) or outlying ectoderm (pharyngeal cleft)-initial patterning is NOT DEPENDENT on the ___

A

neural crest.

33
Q

mesodermal arch and endodermal pouch patterning evolved ___ rhombomere patterning

A

before

34
Q

The cranial mesoderm provides maintenance signals that ___ the program of Hox expression, but cannot ___ Hox gene expression in neural crest cells.

A

elaborate

initiate

mesoderm helps Hox but cannot make Hox

35
Q

Hoxa2 expression is a critical determinant of ___ arch structures. It is necessary and sufficient for ___ arch identity

A

2nd

36
Q

explain how Hox works basically

A

signaling molecules bind with transcription factors (Hox code)

which trigger phenotypic gene down stream which specify cells identity

37
Q

___ is the source of an inductive BMP signal to the neural crest.

A

•Pharyngeal endoderm

38
Q

___ has also been shown to promote the formation of branchial arch components in amphibians by directing neural crest cells towards a chondrogenic fate.

A

pharyngeal endoderm

39
Q

Pharyngeal endoderm plays a major role in establishing and patterning the ___.

A

branchial arches

40
Q

•Ectodermal clefts play an inductive role in ___ of the neural crest

A

odontogenesis (formation and eruption of teeth)

41
Q

odontogenesis

A

formation and eruption of teeth

42
Q

pharyngeal arch get most of their neural crest cells from which rhombomeres?

A

even number rhombomeres

old number rhombomeres (migrate rostrally and caudally)

43
Q

what is the biggest pharyngeal arch and what supplies it

A

Nerve V, rhombomere 1,2,3

44
Q

pharyngeal arch 1 is formed by ___ and makes ___

A

NC cells from R1 and 2 (and a bit of 3)

(the mandibular arch), forming jawbones, incus, malleus, as well as cranial nerves.

Some of these cells also pulled by epidermis to form fronto-nasal process, making the forehead, mid-nose, and primary palate.

45
Q

There are six pairs of pharyngeal arches.

In mammals, the ___ is a short-lived rudiment, so the pairs are numbered ___

A

fifth

I, II, III, IV, VI. There should be no V.

46
Q

pharyngeal arch 2 is formed by ___ and makes __

A

rhombomere 4 and some of 3 and 5

partial hyoid bone, stapes and facial nerve

47
Q

pharyngeal arch 3 and 4 is formed by ___ and makes __

A

rhombomere 6-8 and some of 5

partial hyoid bone, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid, various cartilages and contribute to cardiac outflow tracts.

48
Q

pharyngeal pouches are __ derivatives and lead to __

A

endodermal

internal membranes:

49
Q

pharyngeal clefts are __ derivatives and lead to __

A

ectodermal

cervical sinus and external auditory meatus

50
Q

pharyngeal arch 1 forms which prominences?

A

dorsal maxillary

ventral mandibular

51
Q

5 facial prominences (primordia)

A

Frontonasal: Forehead, bridge of nose

Medial nasal: Philtrum of upper lip, crest/tip of nose

Lateral Nasal: Ala of nose

Maxillary: Upper lip

Mandibular: Lower lip

52
Q

what is the area where the upper lip and nose fuse

A

philtrum

53
Q

Upper lip is formed by which prominences fusing

A

Maxillary prominences fuse with
medial nasal prominences

54
Q

the lower lip and jaw are formed by what prominence fusing

A

mandibular prominences fuse at midline

55
Q

stomodeum

A

primitive mouth

56
Q

formation of the palate

A

first the medial nasal prominences will fuse to form the intermaxillary segment (primary palate)

then the maxillary process will fuse to form the secondary palate

57
Q

___ are extensions of Maxillary prominences

A

Palantine shelves

58
Q

when things go wrong with palatine shelf

A

cleft palate, tongue stuck to palate, palate stuck to mandible, cyclopia and holoprosencephaly

59
Q

cyclopia

A

caused by cyclopamine which inhibits Shh

Cyclopamine is teratogenic by inhibiting sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh) via smoothened (Smo) inhibition

exposure to this toxin during different days of gestation can lead to minor to severe issues, day 22-30= cleft palate

60
Q

nested expression of ___ genes– specifies upper and lower jaw identity in ___ and teleosts–is a primitive feature of the mandibular, hyoid and gill arches of ___.

A

Dlx

mammals

jawed vertebrates (sharks)

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions