lecture 6 stem cells

Question 1

properties of stem cells

Answer 1

1. unlimited self renewal

2. differentiation. into different cell types

Question 2

type of potency that can change into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types

Answer 2

totipotent

Question 3

totipotent stem cells are found

Answer 3

early embryos 1-3 days

Question 4

cells that can change into endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm

Answer 4

pluripotent

Question 5

pluripotent stem cells are found in

Answer 5

Inner cell mass of blastocyst 5-14 days

Question 6

type of potency that a cell can change into a limited number of things based on where it was taken

Answer 6

unipotent or multipotent

Question 7

unipotent stem cells are found in

Answer 7

adult stem cells

Question 8

two major types of stem cells

Answer 8

embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells

Question 9

why cant we use embryonic stem cell

Answer 9

crazy prolife people

also have issues with non-autologous- rejection

Question 10

when you use a patient’s own stem cells

Answer 10

autologous

Question 11

when you use cells from others, familiar

Answer 11

allogeneic

Question 12

use stem cells from different species

Answer 12

xenogeneic

Question 13

iPS stands for

Answer 13

inducible pluripotent stem cells

Question 14

explain iPS

Answer 14

inducible pluripotent stem cells

take adult cell from person, reverse it into stem cells and then make it into any type of cell

uses Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc
or uses virus to reverse

• could be used for regenerative medicine
• mostly used for disease modeling/ drug development

Question 15

who discovered iPS process

Answer 15

Yamanaka 2012 noble prize

Question 16

issues with iPS

Answer 16

c-Myc might lead to cancer, viruses might lead to issues down the line

Question 17

explain adult stem cells

Answer 17

all tissues have their own stem cells

issue is finding, isolating and keeping the stem cells alive.

if you can keep them alive they can be used to regrow tissue and put back into patient

Question 18

common adult stem cells

Answer 18

bone marrow, skin stem cells, corneal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells

Question 19

name a disease that bone marrow transplant helps

Answer 19

hodgkin lymphoma

Question 20

explain how to use umbilical cord stem cells

Answer 20

stem cells are stored in placenta and umbilical cord, can be harvested and saved at birth- very expensive

then can be used later in life if needed

leukemia, fanconi anaemia

Question 21

neighboring cells that help maintain stem cells

Answer 21

niche

Question 22

example of niche cells

Answer 22

macrophage and mammary stem cells via Notch ligand DII1

Question 23

SCNT

Answer 23

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 24

explain SCNT

Answer 24

cloning

take egg, remove nucleus of egg, replace with somatic cell from somewhere else. egg will make whole new organism

Dolly

Question 25

what are some issues with SCNT

Answer 25

expensive, aging problem- telomeres same length of cell where it was taken. personality not transferred

Question 26

why use a pig

Answer 26

closer to humans then mice. iPS cells are used to study artherosclerosis- heart disease

Question 27

explain how iPS can be used in horses

Answer 27

could use iPS to turn into osteoblasts that would make new bone and help heal fracture

can be used to study equine bone development and disease

Question 28

CSC

Answer 28

stem cells in cancer

Question 29

explain CSC

Answer 29

stem cells in cancer

very difficult to identify because the cells do not proliferate but these cells can lead to drug and treatment resistance

debated if CSC are in all cancers but definitely in Leukemia, prostate and breast

therapy targets both the stem cells and the niche cells that keep the stem cells alive