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21 fall: Dev Bio > test 2 lecture 15 heart and vascular > Flashcards

test 2 lecture 15 heart and vascular Flashcards

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1
Q

Circulatory system includes ___

A

heart, arteries, veins, & blood

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2
Q

___ develops when embryo grows too large for diffusion to supply its cells.

A

circulatory system

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3
Q

___ is the 1st function organ system to form

A

circulatory system

ØIn dog, heart tubes fuse at ~4mm (day 18); septation largely complete by ~12mm (day 25)

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4
Q

___ forms an arc around the anterior end of the neural plate which is full of ___ cell clusters

A

cardiogenic field

angiogenic

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5
Q

Angiogenic cell clusters form the ___

A

cardiac crescent

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6
Q

1.Hollow angiogenic cell clusters form in ___

A

cardiogenic field

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7
Q

cardiogenic field coalesce into a ___ lined by endothelial cells

A

crescentic endocardial tube

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8
Q

Cardiac tube (crescent) develops ___ and ___ layers

A

myocardial & epicardial layers

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9
Q

as the embryonic disc folds how does the “heart move”

A

starts at cranial end

Brings heart caudal to head, below the foregut and in front of the transverse septum (the ventral part of future diaphragm, between the heart & liver)

Flips cardiac crescent back to front and brings it to a position below the dorsal aortae

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10
Q

what happens to cardiac tube during development

A

‘Head tuck’ folding

reorients the cardiac tube so that the crescent arms point cranially

brings the heart below the foregut

Folding brings cardiac crescent (tube) ventral to dorsal aortae and the foregut

Crescent arms become the ventral aortae, which carry blood away from heart

Ends of ventral & dorsal aortae grow toward each other & eventually join

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11
Q

Folding brings cardiac crescent (tube) ___ to dorsal aortae and the foregut

A

ventral

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12
Q

Crescent arms become the ___, which carry blood away from heart

A

ventral aortae

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13
Q

Ends of ventral & dorsal aortae grow toward each other & eventually __

A

join

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14
Q

First (most cranial) aortic arch is formed when left & right dorsal & ventral ___ fuse

A

aortae

Aortic arches are paired. Left & right aortic arches connect left (or right) right dorsal aortae to left (or right) ventral aortae

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15
Q

Left & right vitelline veins fuse with the caudal end of the ___

A

cardiac crescent

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16
Q

fusion of vitelline veins form right & left horns of the ___, the heart’s venous inlet

A

sinus venosus

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17
Q

sinus venosus

A

This is where blood from the body returns to the heart

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18
Q

The umbilical and cardinal veins will later drain into the ___

A

sinus horns

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19
Q

1st aortic arch

A

fusion of dorsal aortae and ventral aortae

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20
Q

embryo folding laterally will do what for heart formation

A

brings left & right arms of cardiac crescent into contact

then Apoptosis removes walls between left and right arms of cardiac tube/crescent, forming unpaired midline heart tube

midline heart tube has endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

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21
Q

cardiac midline tube is ___ to the primitive gut

A

ventral

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Primary heart field forms

A

primordial ventricle

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24
Q

Secondary heart field forms

A

primordial atria, right ventricle, bases of pulmonary trunk and aorta

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25
Q

cardiac neural crest forms

A

truncus arteriosus (outflow)

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26
Q

embroyonic veins flow into ___

A

sinus venosus

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27
Q

5 zones of midline heart tube during development

A

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus cordis, and truncus arteriosus

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28
Q

Multiple input vessels enter ___ at caudal end of___

A

sinus venosus

atrium

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29
Q

__ = outflow tract. Delivers blood to ventral aortae via __at cranial end of heart tube

A

Bulbus cordis

truncus arteriosus

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30
Q

looping of heart tube

A

Folding wraps atria around outflow tract (bulbus cordis + truncus arteriosus)

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31
Q

Aortic arches carry blood from ___ (outflow tract) to dorsal aortae.

A

ventral aortae

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32
Q

The ___contributes to the ventral part of the diaphragm

A

septum transversum

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33
Q

folding of the heart loop happens where

A

primordial ventricle & bulbus cordis meet

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34
Q

compartmentalization of the heart happens in 3 processes

A
  1. Atrio-ventricular separation
  2. Atrial septation
  3. Ventricular septation
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35
Q

What does compartmentalization do at a physiologic level

A

partitioning (separating atrium from ventricle, & dividing primordial atrium & ventricle) creates the heart architecture that keeps oxygenated blood (to body) separate from deoxygenated blood (to lungs)

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36
Q

Atrio-venticular separation

A

Developing endocardial cushions form the A-V septum that separates primordial atrium from ventricle & bulbus cordis,

will leave space on right and left for the AV valves to form

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37
Q

atrial septation

A
  • Primary septum (blue) divides atrium
  • Transient primary osteum is located between primary septum & endocardial cushions. (closes when septum meets cushions)
  • Apoptosis fenestrates primary septum dorsally (forming secondary osteum) (at 30-32 days gestation in horse)
  • Secondary septum (green) forms in right atrium (does not close ventrally)
  • Endocardial cushions fuse to completed primary A-V septum
  • 2 openings retained in A-V septum (future A-V valves)
  • Secondary septum overlaps secondary osteum, but doesn’t fuse with A-V septum
  • 1st & 2nd septae don’t fuse. Blood from fetal right atrium can flow into left atrium
  • Passage through wall = foramen ovale. Pushed open (by blood flow) in fetal heart.
    • Primary septum acts as valve to prevent backflow from left atrium to right atrium
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38
Q

what is the name of the hole in the primary septum that forms after the primary septum fuses with the endocardial cushion

A

foramen secundum

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39
Q

what is the name of the whole that is formed by the secondary septum

A

foramen ovale

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40
Q

blood circulation in heart in fetus

A

right artium → foramen ovale, foramen secundum → left atrium → left ventricle → out to body

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41
Q

___ acts as valve to prevent backflow from left atrium to right atrium

A

Primary septum

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42
Q

1st & 2nd septae ___ fuse. Blood from fetal right atrium can flow into left atrium

A

don’t

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43
Q

Secondary septum overlaps secondary osteum, but ___ fuse with A-V septum

A

doesn’t

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44
Q

Cardiac end of right sinus horn is incorporated into the right atrium as the ___

A

sinus venarum

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45
Q

Ends of pulmonary veins are incorporated into the left atrium to become the main part of the___

A

left atrium

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46
Q

The primordial atria become the ___ of the adult heart

A

auricles

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47
Q

Other sinus horn fates

A

Cardiac end of right sinus horn → into the right atrium as the sinus venarum

Anterior part of rt. sinus horn → cranial vena cava

Posterior part of right sinus horn → caudal vena cava

Left sinus horn → coronary sinus

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48
Q

Cardiac end of right sinus horn is incorporated into the right atrium as the ____

A

sinus venarum

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49
Q

Ends of ___ are incorporated into the left atrium to become the main part of the left atrium.

A

pulmonary veins

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50
Q

the right ventricle is formed from the ___

A

bulbus cordis

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51
Q

___ grows upward from heart apex toward endocardial cushion

A

I-V septum

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52
Q

The bottom part of I-V septum is muscular. Top initially incomplete; opening is called the ____

A

interventricular foramen.

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53
Q

___ is normally closed by growth of membranous upper part of interventricular septum

A

Interventricular foramen

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54
Q
A

EC= endocardial cushion

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55
Q
A

IAS= interatrial septum

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56
Q
A

right sinus venosus

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57
Q
A

left= IVF= interventricular foramen

IVS= interventricular septum

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58
Q
A

AA= ascending aorta

PT= pulmonary trunk

SS= spiral septum

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59
Q
A

AA = ascending aorta

DucA = ductus arteriosus

LDA = left dorsal aorta

PT = pulmonary trunk

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60
Q

IV septum divides what into what

A

bulbus cordis and left ventricle

right and left ventricle

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61
Q

spaces next to endocardial cushion is __ and will become __

A

AV orifices

right and left mitral valves

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62
Q

bulbus cordis turns into

A

right ventricle and ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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63
Q

Bulbar ridges and truncal ridges grow inward from the walls of the ___

A

bulbus cordis & truncus arteriosus

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64
Q

___ and ___ form the spiral septum

A

bulbus cordis→bulbar cushion → bulbar septum

truncus arteriosus→ truncal cushion → truncal septum

aortic sac→ aortic cushion?? → aortic-pulmonary septum

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65
Q

The ___ ridges unite to form the spiral septum

A

bulbar and truncal

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66
Q

the spiral septum divides outflow tract into ___ and ___

A

aorta & pulmonary trunk

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67
Q

Outflow tract division completes separation of the ___ and ___ loops

A

oxygenated & deoxygenated

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68
Q

what holds the aorta and pulmonary artery together

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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69
Q

Truncus arteriosis comes from ___

A

cardiac neural crest

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70
Q

Bulbus cordis (from ___) develops into the right ventricle and part of the spiral septum

A

secondary heart field

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71
Q

The primordial ventricle (from ___) becomes the left ventricle

A

primary heart field

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72
Q

Outflow tract division (into aorta & pulmonary trunk) happens at the same time as ___

A

ventricular septation

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73
Q

___is involved in outflow tract formation, and its division.

A

Neural crest

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74
Q

Outflow tract (aorticopulmonary) septum and ___must line up correctly. why?

A

interventricular septum

if RV and pulmonary trunk, and LV and aorta do not line up correctly then deoxygenated and oxygenated blood can mix or one vessel will be smaller then the other and will not be strong enough to do its job

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75
Q

Right ventricle must open to ___; left ventricle must open to __.

A

pulmonary trunk

aorta

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76
Q

Failure of septae to line up leads to cardiac malformations (example: __).

A

Teratology of Fallot*

Teratology of Fallot: large defect in IV septum; aorta overrides both ventricles; pulmonary stenosis; enlarged right ventricle

(high pressure in right ventricle pushes deoxygenated blood through septal defect into left ventricle to mix with oxygenated blood to aorta)

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77
Q

Teratology of Fallot:

A

large defect in IV septum; aorta overrides both ventricles; pulmonary stenosis; enlarged right ventricle

(high pressure in right ventricle pushes deoxygenated blood through septal defect into left ventricle to mix with oxygenated blood to aorta)

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78
Q

___= most common congenital malformation in domestic animals.

A

Cardiac malformations

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79
Q

heart has 4 valves:

A

2 AV valves (bicuspid)

2 semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) (tricuspid)

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80
Q

Valves prevent___as it passes through heart and exits heart

A

backflow of blood

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81
Q

___ are essential to normal heart function

A

Valves

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82
Q

how do AV valves form

A

formed by apoptosis, which sculpts the ventricular walls. Apoptosis leaves behind the valve flap, cordae tendinae, and papillary muscles

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83
Q

Normal A-V valves are closed by ___ to prevent backflow from ventricles to atria

A

ventricular pressure

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84
Q

what do chordae tendineae do?

A

prevent AV valves from flapping up into the atrium

85
Q

The AV valves are made from

A

remnants of myocardial cushion

and apoptosis of ventricular walls

86
Q

__: have 3 ~triangular cusps, each with a nodule in the center of its free edge that helps seal the valve shut

A

Semilunar valves

87
Q

Semilunar valve cusps start as ___ that grow inward from the walls of the aorta or pulmonary trunk

A

mesenchymal swellings

88
Q

Three swellings form at each valve location. Each swelling will become a valve cusp.

what type of valve?

A

Tricuspid/semilunar

89
Q

___ sculpts the swellings into thin, flexible flaps that form the 3 cusps of each semilunar valve

A

Apoptosis

90
Q

what stops back flow in semilunar valves?

A

valve cusp lining up correctly create one way valve

91
Q

the SA node is formed where

A

the sinus venosus and primordial atrium met

92
Q

how does heart pump

A

SA node (sinoatrial) starts contraction

travels to AV node (atrioventricular) which delays signal

waits for atrium to contract then sends signal down bundle of his through purkinje fibers to make ventricle contract

93
Q

•The __(pacemaker) initiates contraction

A

SA Node

94
Q

Impulse travels from the SA node through atrial walls to the ___

A

AV Node

95
Q

AV Node __ impulse (so that ventricles contract __ atria)

A

delays

after

96
Q

AV Bundle transmits impulse to ___ network in ventricle walls. (Coordinates ventricular contraction)

A

Purkinje fiber

97
Q

purkinje fibers make the ventricle contract ___

A

apex to base (bottom to top) push blood up

98
Q

___ develops very early in development and acts as pacemaker

A

SA node

99
Q

blood cell formation begins ___

A

in the yolk sac

100
Q

__clusters in yolk-sac mesoderm coalesce to form vessels

A

Haemangioblast

101
Q

Outer cells differentiate into angioblasts that form vessel walls (___)

A

vasculogenesis

102
Q

vasculogenesis

A

Outer cells differentiate into angioblasts that form vessel walls

103
Q

Outer cells differentiate into ___that form vessel walls

A

angioblasts

104
Q

Haemangioblast clusters : Inner cells differentiate into ___

A

primitive blood cells

105
Q

Earliest erythrocytes are ___; later erythrocytes lack nuclei

A

nucleated

106
Q

Later endothelial cells are derived from ___, which give rise to ___ that make adult blood cells

A

embryonic mesoderm

Haematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

107
Q

Site of blood cell formation changes during development

A

Mesoblastic stage – blood cells form in the yolk sac

Hepato-lienal period – blood formation in liver, then spleen. Begins in approx. 8mm embryo (in the ox), & fully active at 18mm

Medullary – blood formation in bone marrow. Begins at ~18cm in the ox.

By birth hematopoiesis is confined to the bone marrow

108
Q

___ is when blood cells form in the yolk sac

A

Mesoblastic stage

109
Q

__ is when blood formation in liver, then spleen. Begins in approx. 8mm embryo (in the ox), & fully active at 18mm

A

Hepato-lienal period

110
Q

__ is when blood formation in bone marrow. Begins at ~18cm in the ox.

A

medullary

111
Q

By birth hematopoiesis is confined to the ___

A

bone marrow

112
Q

blood cell formation mesoblastic stage

A
113
Q

the embryo has 3 circulatory loops

A

body

vitelline

allantoic(umbilical)

114
Q

of the 3 embryo circulations: vitelline, allantoic and body which remain in adult?

A

body

115
Q

Vascular endothelium has 2 sources: ___ & ___ from yolk sac.

A

embryonic mesoderm

erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs)

116
Q

Proportion of (erythro-myeloid progenitors) EMP-derived cells in vessel walls varies between organs, ranging from __ in brain to ___in liver

A

30%

60%

117
Q

Early development: no ___ yet. Blood flow = artery to intercellular space to vein.

A

capillaries

118
Q

Embryonic ‘body’ loop is divided into 2 pathways in the fetus & adult: one to lungs (to oxygenate blood) and one to body (to distribute O2 & nutrients; and to ___)

A

collect wastes)

119
Q

Primitively, __ aortic arches connect the dorsal & ventral aortae.

A

6

120
Q

ventral aortae will turn into

A

common (caudal part) & external (cranial part) carotid

121
Q

The dorsal aortae will turn into

A

internal carotid aa. (cranial part) & aorta (caudal part)

122
Q

3rd aortic arch will ___

A

connects common carotid to internal carotid (not in ruminant, cat)

123
Q

4th aortic arch will turn into

A

aorta (on left side), or subclavian artery (on right side)

124
Q

6th aortic arch turns into

A

on the left side: pulmonary trunk (& ductus arteriosus)

on right side: 6th arch regresse

125
Q

which aortic arches remain and which degenerate

A

3, 4 and left side of 6

1, 2, 5 and right side of 6

126
Q

during development of aortic arches what is formed to divide them

A

pharyngeal pouches

127
Q

In the embryo, the body is drained by __

A

cardinal, subcardinal, & supracardinal veins

128
Q

Adult veins are derived mainly from the ___ veins

A

subcardinal

with small contributions from the other veins (cardinal and supracardinal)

129
Q

Vitelline veins become

A

Sinusoids of liver

Part of caudal vena cava
(e.g. hepatic & hepatocardiac parts)

Hepatic portal vein

130
Q

Umbilical veins regress:

A
  • Right – regresses in fetus
  • Left – closes at birth (failure to close (patent ductus venosus) can produce pathologies (examples: hepatic encephalopathy, disuria, polyuria
131
Q

patent ductus venosus

A

failure to close left umbilical vein

produce pathologies (examples: hepatic encephalopathy, disuria, polyuria)

132
Q

Development of the heart begins in the ___, a horseshoe-shaped region of visceral mesoderm which forms an arc around the anterior end of the neural plate.

A

cardiogenic field

133
Q

“Head tuck” folding of the embryo repositions the cardiac tube ventral to the embryonic disc and ___ to the embryo’s head

A

caudal

134
Q

head tuck folding also reverses the orientation of the cardiac crescent so that the arms of the crescent – which will become the ventral aortae – point ___ instead of __

A

forward (toward the embryo’s head)

caudally

135
Q

Lateral folding of the embryo brings the edges of the embryonic disc together ___ of the embryonic disc.

A

ventral to the midline

136
Q

The caudal portions of the left and right ventral aortae (the caudal part of the cardiac crescent) are brought into contact; these tubes are fused into a single midline heart tube as ___removes the walls that separate the left and right sides of the cardiac crescent from each other.

A

apoptosis

137
Q

___ fuse with the caudal arch of the cardiac crescent to form the inlet of the heart; slightly later other veins (umbilical and cardinal veins) also connect to the caudal (input) end of the heart tube.

A

Vitelline veins

138
Q

The unpaired midline heart tube that was formed by fusion of the left and right limbs of the cardiac crescent plus fusion with the vitelline veins now begins pumping blood out into the ventral aortae at its ___end.

A

cranial (output)

139
Q

The simple heart tube is suspended in the pericardial cavity by a dorsal mesocardium; and is initially anchored by a ___. what happens to the this structure?

A

ventral mesocardium

transient structure, goes away

140
Q

the heart tube chambers from posterior to anterior

A

the sinus venosus; the atrium; the ventricle; the bulbus cordis; and the truncus arteriosus

141
Q

The truncus arteriosus is formed by ___

A

cardiac neural crest cells.

142
Q

looping of the heart happens at where ___

A

where the primordial ventricle meets the bulbus cordis.

143
Q

Walls of the primordial ventricle (future left ventricle) and the part of the ___ that will become the right ventricle become thicker and ___as the heart grows.

A

bulbus cordis

trabeculated

144
Q

The opening between the bottom of this septum and the endocardial cushions, the ___, is eventually closed when the primary septum meets the endocardial cushions.

A

primary osteum

145
Q

As the primary osteum closes apoptosis creates a ___ near the top of the primary septum

A

secondary osteum

146
Q

After the septum primum has formed secondary osteum, a second, thicker fold of tissue (___) grows downward just to the __ of the septum primum. The secondary septum extends downward far enough to cover the right side of the secondary osteum, but a gap (__) between the two septae remains patent in the __ atrium.

A

the septum secundum

right

the foramen ovale

right

147
Q

___ allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.

A

foramen ovale in the septum secundum

secondary osteum in the septum primum

148
Q

The ventral part of the thinner ___ acts as a valve to keep blood from flowing back into the right atrium and ensure unidirectional blood flow through the foramen ovale and into the left atrium.

A

primary septum

149
Q

As the fetus grows and the fetal heart handles more blood, the right atrium grows by incorporating the ___ into the right atrium

A

right horn of the sinus venosus

150
Q

Initially all of the blood returning to the heart from the developing lungs enters the left atrium through a single common ___. This common venous trunk later is incorporated into the ___, and forms the smooth-walled main portion of the left atrium.

A

pulmonary vein

developing left atrium

151
Q

single common pulmonary vein develops into __

A

4 individual veins

152
Q

At first there is an opening (___) between the top of the muscular interventricular septum and the endocardial cushions.

A

an interventricular foramen

153
Q

Growth of the ___ is accompanied by thickening and trabeculation of the walls of the primordial ventricle (the adult left ventricle) and proximal bulbus cordis, which will become the adult right ventricle.

A

interventricular septum

154
Q

Division of the heart into four chambers has great physiologic significance. It allows the separation of ___ and ___ blood into two separate circulatory loops – the pulmonary and body systems of the adult animal.

A

oxygenated and de-oxygenated

155
Q

At first both the left and right ventricles empty into the bulbus cordis, and blood from both ventricles flows into the undivided ___

A

truncus arteriosus

156
Q

Complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood requires that the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus also be divided. Division of these structures is accomplished by the bulbar ridges, which grow inward from the bulbar walls and meet to form the ___

A

spiral septum

157
Q

___ separates outflow from the right ventricle (to the pulmonary trunk) and outflow from the left ventricle (to the aorta)

A

the spiral septum

158
Q

___ cells contribute significantly to formation of the bulbar ridges, semilunar valves, and to the walls of the proximal parts of the coronary arteries.

A

Cardiac neural crest

159
Q

Myocardial cells are replaced by connective tissue in the ___; the papillary muscles remain muscular.

A

cordae tendinae

160
Q

The semilunar valves begin their development as swellings at the outlet of the ___ into the ventral aortae

A

truncus arteriosus

161
Q

Clusters of haemangioblasts (blood islands) form in the yolk sac mesoderm. The outer cells in these clusters will become ___, which form endothelial cells. The inner cells will become ___.

A

angioblasts

primordial blood cells

162
Q

The blood islands coalesce into larger elongate structures, and their outer endothelial cells form the first ___ (which are located in the yolk sac).

A

blood vessels

163
Q

Spontaneous formation of blood vessels is called ___. These first-formed vessels later grow side branches, a process which is called___.

A

vasculogenesis

angiogenesis

164
Q

The embryo has three circulatory loops

A

1) the vitelline loop, which supplies the yolk sac
2) the umbilical loop, which connects to the placenta for gas and nutrient exchange
3) the body loop.

165
Q

The body loop of the embryo gives rise to the two definitive circulatory loops of the fetus and adult: __

A

the pulmonary and systemic loops.

166
Q

The aortic arches develop in a ___ direction as the embryo grows, meaning that the 1st aortic arch is the most cranial, and the 6th aortic arch is the most caudal.

A

cranial-to-caudal

Not all of them are present in a mammalian embryo at any one time – arches that will be lost (like the 1st or 2nd arch) will degenerate before later arches like the 6th aortic arch begin to form.

167
Q

The ventral aortae of the embryo become __

A

the common carotid and external carotid arteries of the adult animal.

168
Q

The cranial portions of the dorsal aortae (i.e. the parts that lie cranial to the 3rd aortic arch) will become the __

A

internal carotid arteries of the adult

169
Q

The 3rd aortic arch will be retained (in some species) as the extracranial part of the ___. In other species (e.g. the ox or cat) this extracranial segment of the future internal carotid artery degenerates in utero, and is not present in the adult animal.

A

internal carotid artery that connects to the common carotid artery

170
Q

The left 4th aortic arch becomes the ___ of the adult mammal; on the right side the 4th aortic arch becomes the ___

A

ascending aorta

right subclavian artery

171
Q

The 6th aortic arch connects to the right ventricle and the left side becomes the ___. The right side ___

A

pulmonary circuit

pulmonary artery – and its distal end, which is still connected to the aorta (= the dorsal aorta of the embryo) becomes the ductus arteriosus of the fetus (which allows blood to bypass the developing lungs). This distal part of the left 6th aortic arch closes at birth to become the ligamentum arteriosum of the adult.

regresses

172
Q

left side of the 6 th aortic arch becomes pulmonary artery – and its distal end, which is still connected to the aorta (= the dorsal aorta of the embryo) becomes the ___ of the fetus (which allows blood to bypass the developing lungs). This distal part of the left 6th aortic arch closes at birth to become the ___ of the adult.

A

ductus arteriosus

ligamentum arteriosum

173
Q

Segmental arteries of the embryo branch from the __. Dorsal segmental arteries will supply the __ and __

A

dorsal aortae

body wall and neural tube

174
Q

Lateral segmental arteries supply the ___

A

organs developed from intermediate mesoderm (like the kidneys and reproductive tract organs).

175
Q

Ventral segmental arteries will become the ___

A

celiac; cranial, and caudal mesenteric; and umbilical arteries.

176
Q

The embryo has three major veins: ___ (which drain the yolk sac), ___ (returning blood from the placenta), and ___ (which drain the body).

A

vitelline veins

umbilical veins

cardinal veins

177
Q

The vitelline veins will ultimately become the ___ of the liver (the cranial parts of the vitelline veins); the ___ segment of the caudal vena cava (the cranialmost part of the right vitelline vein); and the ___(the caudal part of the vitelline veins).

A

sinusoids

hepatocardinal

portal vein

178
Q

The right umbilical vein largely ___, but its cranial end contributes to the sinusoids of the liver.

A

involutes

179
Q

The left umbilical vein contributes to the ___, which allows most of the blood from the placenta to bypass the liver on its way to the heart.

A

ductus venosus,

180
Q
  1. The more caudal part of the left umbilical vein will involute after birth and become the ___of the liver.
A

round ligament

181
Q

The body of the embryo is drained by a complex network of different types of “cardinal” (body-draining) veins. These are the ___, ___ and __.

A

lateral cardinal

medial subcardinal

dorsal supracardinal veins

182
Q

The cardinal and ___ veins anastomose with each other extensively.

A

subcardinal

183
Q

The caudal vena cava is ultimately derived from ___ types of embryonic cardinal vein

A

all three

184
Q

The pelvic part of the caudal vena cava develops from the ___ vein.

A

right supracardinal

185
Q

the lumbar part of the caudal vena cave is formed by anastomosis of the __ and __

A

subcardinal and cardinal veins

186
Q

The abdominal part of the caudal vena cava is derived from the anastomosis of the ___ and ___

A

right subcardinal and vitelline veins.

187
Q

The ___ vein is derived from cranial parts of the cardinal and supracardinal veins

A

azygous

188
Q

Cardinal veins that are located cranial to the heart give rise to the ___ and ___

A

internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins.

189
Q

The segment of the cranial vena cava that enters the heart is derived from the cranial part of the ___

A

right sinus venosus horn

190
Q

The caudal vena cava is derived from the caudal part of the ___

A

right sinus venosus horn.

191
Q

The ___ becomes the coronary sinus of the adult heart, and returns blood from the heart walls to the general circulation

A

left horn of the sinus venosus

192
Q

In the fetus blood is oxygenated and CO2 is removed by the __

A

placenta.

193
Q

Oxygen-rich blood returns to the conceptus via the ___

A

umbilical veins.

194
Q

In the early embryo, umbilical veins were paired. The part of the__ umbilical vein between the umbilicus and the liver involutes early on in development; only the ___ umbilical vein remains functional in the fetus.

A

right

left

195
Q

Most of the blood in the left umbilical vein bypasses the liver through the ___ but a small amount supplies the developing liver with oxygenated blood and nutrients.

A

ductus venosus,

196
Q

___ blood traveling through the ductus venosus mixes with ___ blood draining from the caudal body and digestive tract in the caudal vena cava. This mixed blood enters the right atrium, where it is mixed with more ___ blood from the cranial vena cava.

A

Oxygenated

deoxygenated

deoxygenated

197
Q

Most of the blood that enters the right atrium gets shunted toward the left atrium through the ___

A

foramen ovale

198
Q

Only a small amount of the somewhat oxygen-rich blood in the right atrium passes through the ___ into the right ventricle, and is then pumped out into the pulmonary trunk.

A

A-V valve

199
Q

Most of the blood in the pulmonary trunk bypasses the lungs by flowing through the ___, which carries it directly to the aorta.

A

ductus arteriosus

200
Q

The blood that entered the left atrium through the foramen ovale is joined by the small amount of ___ blood returning from the fetal lungs.

A

deoxygenated

201
Q

Some of the blood in the aorta is returned to the placenta via the ___; the rest supplies body tissues and organs and is returned to the heart via the venous system.

A

umbilical arteries

202
Q

At birth, the loss of __ supplied by the umbilical cord results in an increase in __ tension in the neonate

A

O2

CO2

203
Q

The __ increase stimulates respiratory centers in the medulla, and triggers respiration.

A

CO2

204
Q

The first breath expands the lungs, which in turn stimulates ___.

A

pulmonary circulation

205
Q

The increase in blood flow to the lungs results in an increase in the volume of blood entering the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. This increased input increases pressure in the left atrium. The increased pressure pushes the thin primary septum against the thicker secondary septum, closing the ___

A

foramen ovale.

206
Q

The closed foramen ovale remains visible as the ___ in the right atrium

A

fossa ovale

207
Q

Reflexive constriction of the walls of the ___ stops oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary trunk from flowing through the ___ and mixing with the oxygen-rich blood in the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

ductus arteriosus

208
Q

The lumen of the ductus arteriosus is obliterated, but the vessel walls of the ductus persist after birth as the ___.

A

ligamentum arteriosum

209
Q

During birth, blood flow to the placenta is shut down by contraction of the umbilical arteries (which become the ___ ), and blood flow from the placenta is closed off by constriction of the ductus venosus and umbilical vein. The (left) umbilical vein persists after birth as the ___

A

round ligaments of the bladder

round ligament of the liver.

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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