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21 fall: Dev Bio > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gastrulation

A

cell movement from ball into 3 layered structure known as gastrula

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2
Q

invagination

A

sheet of cells moving inward by apical constriction of actin fibers

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3
Q

ingression

A

individual cells leave an epithelial state/sheet and become freely moving (mesenchymal)

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4
Q

mesenchymal

A

freely moving cells

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5
Q

epiboly

A

sheet of cells thinning out to become longer

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6
Q

intercalation

A

rows of cells moving in between each other to become longer

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7
Q

ingression is similar to

A

this process is similar to that used by carcinoma cells to extravasate and metastasize

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8
Q

three layers of cells

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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9
Q

cadherins are

A

cell adhesion molecules

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10
Q

some things in ECM (extracellular matrix) are

A

collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

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11
Q

Xenopus leavis

A

frog

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12
Q

What ,in frogs, triggers the opening of a pore that allows cells on outside of embryo to move inside?

A

Spemann’s organizer

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13
Q

what is the hole formed by Spemann’s organizer?

A

blastopore- in frogs only

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14
Q

Where does blastpore form?

A

dorsal lip of blastocyst

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15
Q

Transcription factor expressed in the dorsal marginal region that is involved in starting gastrulation in frogs

A

goosecoid

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16
Q

explain basic steps of activation of gastrulation

A

receptors attach to cells and get activated by ligand

starts signal transduction cascade in cytoplasm

leads to activation of transcription factors in the nulceus and gene expression

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17
Q

examples of glycoproteins in extracellular matrix

A

fibronectin, chondronectin, tenascin

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18
Q

outer ectoderm cells move by what to move into cell in frogs

A

epiboly (sheet movement by thinning out)

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19
Q

first thing to form from mesoderm

A

notochord from chorda mesoderm

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20
Q

types of mesoderm

A

notochord,

PARAXIAL MESODERM (somites)
INTERMEDIATE MESODERM (kidneys and gonads) 
LATERAL MESODERM (splanchnic (internal organs, blood endothelium) and somatic (limb skeleton, ventral skin dermis and connective tissue of body cavity)
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21
Q

A blastula of a chick is in what shape

A

blastodisc

22
Q

Inner cell membrane turns into

A

epiblast and hypoblast

23
Q

groove in bird and mammal gastrulation similar to blastopore in frog

A

primitive streak

24
Q

This induces the formation of the primitive streak in bird

A

koller’s sickle

25
Q

structure in birds that is similar to Spemann’s organizer, that triggers cells to enter center of blastocyst

A

hensen’s node

26
Q

cells in birds and mammals move into cell in a ___ way

A

mesenchymal

27
Q

Mammals do not need large yolk sac because of this ___

A

placenta

28
Q

placenta is made from these cells

A

trophoblast

29
Q

structure in mammals, that is similar to Spemann’s organizer, that triggers cells to enter center of blastocyst

A

node

30
Q

once gastrulation completes primitive steak regresses and leaves ___ behind

A

notochord

31
Q

notochord is made of what type of cells

A

mesoderm

32
Q

process by which ectoderm forms a neural plate and folds into neural tube

A

neurulation

33
Q

embryonic precursor to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

A

neural plate which turns into neural tube

34
Q

explain neurulation

A

notochord stimulates ectoderm to thicken into the neural crest and invaginate onto itself creating the neural tube.
neural crest cells change states and travel all over body to form bones, melanocytes and neurons

35
Q

what causes neurulation

A

BMP

36
Q

what inhibits neurulation

A

Noggin/ chordin

37
Q

what is the name of the process through which the notochord causes neurulation

A

neural induction

38
Q

neural tube closure in chicks happens at **

A

level of future midbrain and zips up in either direction

39
Q

neural tube closure in mammals happens

A

at multiple locations

40
Q

the last regions of the neural tube to close are

A

cranial and caudal neuropores

41
Q

lethal condition when anterior/ cranial neuropore does not close correctly

A

anencephaly

42
Q

condition when caudal neuropore does not close correctly

A

spina bifida cystica

43
Q

neural tube changes into

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

44
Q

another name for forbrain

A

prosencephalon

45
Q

another name for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

46
Q

another name fir hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

47
Q

neural tube defect where skin fails to separate from the spine in rhodesian ridgebacks

A

dermoid sinus

48
Q

duplication of what factors make rhodesian ridgebacks more predisposed to dermoid sinus

A

FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and ORAOV1

49
Q

rhodesian ridgeback breeders are not allowed to breed ___ with ___

A

ridged with ridged

50
Q

two examples of cell adhesion molecules

A

cadherins and CAMS

51
Q

example of cell junction molecule

A

gap-junctions-connexins

52
Q

what is EMT , give example

A

epithelial to mesenchymal

neural crest cells

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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