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21 fall: Dev Bio > test 2 lecture 13 urogenital 1 > Flashcards

test 2 lecture 13 urogenital 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

BMP4 gradients set up 4 divisions of mesoderm:

A

paraxial
intermediate mesoderm
chorda mesoderm- notochord
lateral mesoderm

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2
Q

urogenital system is made of __ and is derived form __

A

urinary and genital system

intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

The intermediate mesoderm is specified by ___ transcription factors whose expression is required to form the kidney.

A

homeodomain

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4
Q

three stages of kidney development

A

pronephros

mesonephros

metanephros

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5
Q

why did cutting the embryo prevent kidney from forming

A

intermediate mesoderm needs to be connected to paraxial mesoderm to receive the correct signals and form a kidney

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6
Q

pronephros

A

transient 1st stage of kidney formation

most cranial

Wolffian duct/ nephric duct induces adjacent mesenchyme to form tubules of pronephros

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7
Q

__ induces adjacent mesenchyme to form tubules of pronephros

A

anterior nephric duct/wolffian duct

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8
Q

Mesonephros

A

forms as pronephros starts to degrade

very long forms mesonephric duct

will eventually degrade when last stage (metanephros) starts

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9
Q

the mesonephros tube will form the ___ at one side and __ at the other side

A

bowmann’s capsule

mesonephric duct (future male development)

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10
Q

the __ develop alongside the mesonephros

A

gonad

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11
Q

paramesopnephric duct

A

future female development

also called the mullerian duct

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12
Q

another name for paramesonephric duct

A

mullerian duct

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13
Q

Metanephros

A

last stage of kidney

metanephrogenic meschenchyme is attached to the ureteric bud

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14
Q

metanephrogenic meschenchyme is attached to the ___

A

ureteric bud

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15
Q

Metanephros turns into

A

: ureter, renal pelvis, clayces, collecting tubules

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16
Q

collecting ducts develop from ___

A

ureteric bud

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17
Q

how do Ureteric bud invades the metanephrogenic mesenchyme (blastema) interact

A

metanephric tissue caps condense into

renal vesicles which elongate and attach to collecting tubes formed by ureteric buds

renal vesicles will continue to grow and loop to form bowman’s capsule and surround the golmerulus

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18
Q

urerteric buds branch into ___

A

major calyx and then branch even more to form minor calyx and collecting tubes

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19
Q

factors that control kidney

A

Mesenchyme will produce WT1 which will allow tissue to respond to BMP7 and FGF2 produced by ureteric bud, this induces mesenchyme to make vesicles by proliferation and maintaining WT1 expression

WT1 regulates GDNF and HGF production by mesenchyme

this process is controlled by MET mesechyme-epithelial transition: PAX2 promotes condensation, WNT4 causes meschenchyme to epithelialize and form tubules

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20
Q

Ureteric bud growth is dependent on ___and its receptor __

A

GDNF -made by metanephrogenic mesenchyme

Ret- receptors on ureteric bud

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21
Q

how does budding of ureteric bud happen

A

GDNF is secreted by metanephrogenic mesenchyme, these bind to Ret receptors on ureteric bud and stimulate growth

Ret receptors on tips of ureteric buds and keep dividing/budding

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22
Q

Lim1 (Lhx1)

A

Lim1 is expressed in a dynamic pattern throughout urinary system development: intermediate mesoderm, nephric duct, mesonephric tubules, ureteric bud, pretubular aggregates & their derivatives.

Lim1 is transiently expressed in mesenchyme (when primary vesicles formed)

Lim1 is continuously expressed in ureteric bud & derivatives

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23
Q

Lim1 null mice die at E10 because they lack ___. The nephric duct never forms properly (preventing induction of ___)

A

metanephros.

metanephros

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24
Q

Lim1 functions in distinct tissue compartments of the developing metanephros:

A
  • for both proper development of the ureteric buds & patterning of renal vesicles for nephron formation.
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25
Q

Pax2 and Pax8 are expressed in ___ stage

A

pronephros

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26
Q

Pax2 and Pax8 are necessary & sufficient to specify the ___ lineage

A

nephric

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27
Q

•Pax2 null embryos still form mesonephric duct which degrades, thus it cannot interact with ___

A

metanephric mesenchyme

•Pax2 null embryos lack metanephros & genital tract

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28
Q

•Pax2 null embryos lack ___

A

metanephros & genital tract

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29
Q

•Pax8 null embryos still develop ___ because ___

A

kidneys

redundancies of Pax Family

Pax2/5/8 family members have similar functions & can substitute for each other during development

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30
Q

•Pax2/8 null embryos cannot form ___

A

pronephros or mesonephros

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31
Q

•Pax2/8 null embryos unable to initiate mesenchymal epithelial transition and do not express __

A

Lim1

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32
Q

genetic markers needed for development of Anterior IM

A

Lim1

yellow part

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33
Q

genetic markers needed for development of wolffian duct

A

Lim1

Pax2/8

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34
Q

genetic markers needed for development of Ureteric bud

A

Gata3

Lim1

Pax2/8

Wnt9B

Ret

BMP7

FGF2/9

Wnt6

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35
Q

genetic markers needed for development of metanephric mescenchyme

A

WT1

lim1

Pax2/8

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36
Q

genetic markers needed for development of cap mesenchyme, pretubular aggregate and renal vesicle

A

WT1

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37
Q

genetic markers needed for development of cap mesenchyme

A

WT1 and GDNF

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38
Q

genetic markers needed for development of pre tubular aggregate and renal vesicle

A

Wnt4

lim1

WT1

Pax2/8

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39
Q

during development kidneys move ___ and gonads move __

A

up

down

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40
Q

XY

A

male

41
Q

ZZ

A

male bird

42
Q

ZW

A

female bird

43
Q

ZZ

A

male bird

44
Q

Insects: ratio of X to autosomes determines sex. ___ has no role

A

Y

XX female

XY or X male

45
Q

Grasshoppers: ___females and ___ males

A

XX

XO

46
Q

primary sex deterimination

A

is Y chromosome then male

47
Q

secondary sex deterimination

A

hormones produced by gonads influence physiological phenotype outside the gonads

SRY gene= male (sorry your a boy)

activated Sox9 and induces testis formation

48
Q

is SYR present then __ form, if SYR is absent then __ form

A

testes

ovaries: female sex organs

49
Q

___ induce gonadal development

A

PGC

primordial germ cells

PGC enter genital ridge, form primitive sex cords that can become male or female

50
Q

when PGCs enter the genital ridge they form the ___

A

primitive sex cords (indifferent gonad)

51
Q

week 8 testes development

A

mesonephric duct degrading, rete testis cords forming and growing to make testis cords, outer membrane tunica albuginea forming

52
Q

week 16 testes development

A

testis cords have formed horseshoe shape and are connected to rete testis cords which is connected to the excretory mesonephric tubules (ductuli efferentes) which is connected to the mesonephric duct (ductus deferens)

the testis cords are made of: PGCs, sertoli cells and leydig cells (testosterone)

53
Q

the testis cords are made of:

A

PGCs, sertoli cells and leydig cells (testosterone)

54
Q

ovary development week 7

A

mesonephric tubule degrading

medullary cords degrade

surface epithelium thickens

PGCs dissociate into cell clusters in the medulla and form cortical cords

55
Q

ovary development week 20

A

2nd generation of cortical cord invading the mesenchyme

mesonephric tubule becomes ductuli efferentes which leads to mesonephric duct

clusters of PGCs become primary oocytes, follicular cells develop

56
Q

2 pairs of genital ducts

A

mesonephric

in females medullary cords degrade

in males testes cords connect to rete testis connect to mesonephric duct

paramesonephric

Mullerian duct in females

57
Q

transcription factors for sexual dimorphism

A
58
Q

transcription factors for males

A

SRY → Sox9→ SF1 and other genes → testes

Sox 9 inhibits WNT4 the female transcription factor

59
Q

Female Transcription factors

A

WNT4→ DAX1 and other genes(TAFII 105) → ovaries

DAX1 inhibits SOX9

60
Q

Metanephrogenic mesenchyme causes the ___ to elongate and branch

A

ureteric bud

61
Q

explain metanephric tissue caps

A

Tissue caps make WT1 (transcription factor), this gets mesenchyme ready to bind (makes competent) to FGF2 and BMP7 (growth factors) from ureteric bud,

this stimulates mesenchyme proliferation (make renal vesicles by MET which is induced by PAX2 and WNT4 that is produced by the ureteric bud) and maintain WT1 expression

WT1 also regulates GDNF ( used to bind and branch ureteric bud) and HGF

62
Q

excretory units comes from

A

metanephric mesenchyme

63
Q

collecting system comes from

A

ureteric bud

64
Q

The intermediate mesoderm is specified by ___ whose expression is required to form the kidney.

A

homeodomain transcription factors

65
Q

3 homeodomain transcription factors necessary for intermediate mesoderm to form the ___

A

Pax2, Pax8, and Lim1

kidney

66
Q

The intermediate mesoderm acquires its ability to form the kidneys through its interactions with the ___

A

paraxial mesoderm.

67
Q

___ have overlapping boundaries in the frog, and kidney development starts with cells that express both genes.

A

Pax8 and Lim1

68
Q

Ectopic co-expression of Pax8 & Lim1 will make ___ in other tissues.

A

kidneys

69
Q

If Pax2 is experimentally expressed in the presomitic mesoderm, it converts that paraxial mesoderm into ___, expresses Lim1 and forms kidneys.

A

intermediate mesoderm

70
Q

In mouse embryos, knockout of ___ genes, the mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition needed to form the kidney duct fails, and the cells undergo apoptosis, and no nephric structures form.

A

Pax2 and Pax8

71
Q

Pax2 and Lim1 induce ___ of each other in the mouse.

A

expression

72
Q

Lim1 is necessary for converting intermediate mesenchyme into ___

A

kidney duct.

73
Q

Lim1 is also required for forming ___ in mesonephric and metanephric mesenchyme.

A

ureteric bud & tubular structure

74
Q

___ is the earliest stage of kidney formation that forms cranially in the nephrogenic plate.

A

Pronephros

75
Q

The pronephros has 7-8 pairs of ___ that develop at the level of somites 7-14.

A

pronephric tubules

76
Q

The pronephros persists in ___. In ____, the pronephros regresses.

A

fish and lower vertebrates

mammals

77
Q

___ is the second stage of kidney development

A

Mesonephros

78
Q

Each tubule in the mesonephros is associated with a blood vessel on the cranial end and attaches to the ___ on the posterior end.

A

pronephric duct

79
Q

The mesonephric duct extends to the cloaca and will persist in ___.

A

males

80
Q

pronephric duct grows caudally to the cloaca and becomes the ___.

A

mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)

81
Q

mesonephric tubules grow and form an S-shaped loop that are associated with a tuft of capillaries called a ___ medially which will form the Bowman’s capsule. These structures form a ___.

A

glomerulus

renal corpuscle

82
Q

The mesonephros persists in ___. The mesonephros degenerates rapidly in ___. But the mesonephric duct will persist in ___.

A

amphibians

mammals

males

83
Q

__ is the third stage of renal development and becomes the kidney in reptiles, birds and mammals.

A

Metanephros

84
Q

The ___ branches from the mesonephric duct and interacts with the surrounding mesenchyme.

A

Ureteric bud

85
Q

Metanephros or permanent kidney develops ___ to the mesonephros.

A

caudal

86
Q

___ cells condense around the terminal buds of the branching ureteric bud and develop into a renal tubule.

A

Mesenchymal blastema/ metanephrogenic mesenchyme

87
Q

Precursors of vascular endothelial cells migrate into the vicinity of metanephric blastema/ metanephrogenic mesenchyme and form capillaries that will form the ___ and connect to the aorta.

A

glomerulus

88
Q

A basal lamina forms between the developing tubules and the glomerular endothelial cells which later will be the ___

A

renal filtration barrier

89
Q

In the metanephros, the comma-shaped tubule becomes S-shaped and then elongates to form a hairpin shaped ___

A

loop of Henle.

90
Q

The metanephros is derived from:

A
  • *Ureteric bud** – outgrowth of mesonephric duct
  • *Metanephric blastema/ mesenchyme**– mesoderm located at the caudal endo of the nephrogenic cord
91
Q

Functional nephrons develop from 3 cell types:

A
  1. Epithelial cells from the ureteric bud
  2. Mesenchymal cells from the metanephric blastema
  3. Endothelial cells of the developing capillaries
92
Q

Outgrowth of the ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct is a response to the secretion of ___ by the undifferentiated mesenchyme of the metanephrogenic blastema.

A

glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor

(GDNF )

93
Q

GDNF is bound by ___, a member of the tyrosine kinase receptor superfamily, which is located in the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the early ureteric bud.

A

cRet

94
Q

The formation of GDNF in the metanephric mesenchyme is regulated by ___

A

WT-1

95
Q

___ signaling in the surrounding mesoderm is also inhibitory to outgrowth of the ureteric bud, but within the metanephrogenic blastema its action is counteracted by the___ , which is produced within the blastema itself.

A

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)

BMP-inhibitory actions of gremlin

96
Q

these two types of mesenchyme, ___ and ___, create a sharp border between the forming ureter (associated with ___mesenchyme) and the intrarenal collecting duct system (associated with ___ mesoderm).

A

intermediate mesoderm and tailbud mesenchyme

tailbud

intermediate

97
Q

the ____ of the adult kidney shares properties with the ureter and the collecting system, and its cellular origins are unclear.

A

renal pelvis

98
Q

The morphological foundations for the development of the metanephric kidney are the elongation and branching (up to 14 or 15 times) of the ureteric bud, which becomes the ___ system of the metanephros, and the formation of renal tubules from mesenchymal condensations (metanephrogenic blastema) located around the tips of the branches.

A

collecting (metanephric) duct

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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