test 2 lecture 13 urogenital 1 Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

BMP4 gradients set up 4 divisions of mesoderm:

paraxial
intermediate mesoderm
chorda mesoderm- notochord
lateral mesoderm

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urogenital system is made of __ and is derived form __

urinary and genital system

intermediate mesoderm

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The intermediate mesoderm is specified by ___ transcription factors whose expression is required to form the kidney.

homeodomain

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three stages of kidney development

pronephros

mesonephros

metanephros

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why did cutting the embryo prevent kidney from forming

intermediate mesoderm needs to be connected to paraxial mesoderm to receive the correct signals and form a kidney

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pronephros

transient 1st stage of kidney formation

most cranial

Wolffian duct/ nephric duct induces adjacent mesenchyme to form tubules of pronephros

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__ induces adjacent mesenchyme to form tubules of pronephros

anterior nephric duct/wolffian duct

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Mesonephros

forms as pronephros starts to degrade

very long forms mesonephric duct

will eventually degrade when last stage (metanephros) starts

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the mesonephros tube will form the ___ at one side and __ at the other side

bowmann’s capsule

mesonephric duct (future male development)

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the __ develop alongside the mesonephros

gonad

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paramesopnephric duct

future female development

also called the mullerian duct

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another name for paramesonephric duct

mullerian duct

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Metanephros

last stage of kidney

metanephrogenic meschenchyme is attached to the ureteric bud

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metanephrogenic meschenchyme is attached to the ___

ureteric bud

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Metanephros turns into

: ureter, renal pelvis, clayces, collecting tubules

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collecting ducts develop from ___

ureteric bud

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how do Ureteric bud invades the metanephrogenic mesenchyme (blastema) interact

metanephric tissue caps condense into

renal vesicles which elongate and attach to collecting tubes formed by ureteric buds

renal vesicles will continue to grow and loop to form bowman’s capsule and surround the golmerulus

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urerteric buds branch into ___

major calyx and then branch even more to form minor calyx and collecting tubes

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factors that control kidney

Mesenchyme will produce WT1 which will allow tissue to respond to BMP7 and FGF2 produced by ureteric bud, this induces mesenchyme to make vesicles by proliferation and maintaining WT1 expression

WT1 regulates GDNF and HGF production by mesenchyme

this process is controlled by MET mesechyme-epithelial transition: PAX2 promotes condensation, WNT4 causes meschenchyme to epithelialize and form tubules

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Ureteric bud growth is dependent on ___and its receptor __

GDNF -made by metanephrogenic mesenchyme

Ret- receptors on ureteric bud

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how does budding of ureteric bud happen

GDNF is secreted by metanephrogenic mesenchyme, these bind to Ret receptors on ureteric bud and stimulate growth

Ret receptors on tips of ureteric buds and keep dividing/budding

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Lim1 (Lhx1)

Lim1 is expressed in a dynamic pattern throughout urinary system development: intermediate mesoderm, nephric duct, mesonephric tubules, ureteric bud, pretubular aggregates & their derivatives.

Lim1 is transiently expressed in mesenchyme (when primary vesicles formed)

Lim1 is continuously expressed in ureteric bud & derivatives

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Lim1 null mice die at E10 because they lack ___. The nephric duct never forms properly (preventing induction of ___)

metanephros.

metanephros

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Lim1 functions in distinct tissue compartments of the developing metanephros:

for both proper development of the ureteric buds & patterning of renal vesicles for nephron formation.

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Pax2 and Pax8 are expressed in ___ stage

pronephros

Pax2 and Pax8 are necessary & sufficient to specify the ___ lineage

nephric

•Pax2 null embryos still form mesonephric duct which degrades, thus it cannot interact with \_\_\_

metanephric mesenchyme •Pax2 null embryos lack metanephros & genital tract

•Pax2 null embryos lack \_\_\_

metanephros & genital tract

•Pax8 null embryos still develop ___ because \_\_\_

kidneys redundancies of Pax Family Pax2/5/8 family members have similar functions & can substitute for each other during development

•Pax2/8 null embryos cannot form \_\_\_

pronephros or mesonephros

•Pax2/8 null embryos unable to initiate mesenchymal epithelial transition and do not express \_\_

Lim1

genetic markers needed for development of Anterior IM

Lim1 yellow part

genetic markers needed for development of wolffian duct

Lim1 Pax2/8

genetic markers needed for development of Ureteric bud

Gata3 Lim1 Pax2/8 Wnt9B Ret BMP7 FGF2/9 Wnt6

genetic markers needed for development of metanephric mescenchyme

WT1 lim1 Pax2/8

genetic markers needed for development of cap mesenchyme, pretubular aggregate and renal vesicle

WT1

genetic markers needed for development of cap mesenchyme

WT1 and GDNF

genetic markers needed for development of pre tubular aggregate and renal vesicle

Wnt4 lim1 WT1 Pax2/8

during development kidneys move ___ and gonads move \_\_

up down

male

male bird

female bird

male bird

Insects: ratio of X to autosomes determines sex. ___ has no role

Y XX female XY or X male

Grasshoppers: \_\_\_females and ___ males

XX XO

primary sex deterimination

is Y chromosome then male

secondary sex deterimination

hormones produced by gonads influence physiological phenotype outside the gonads SRY gene= male (sorry your a boy) activated Sox9 and induces testis formation

is SYR present then __ form, if SYR is absent then __ form

testes ovaries: female sex organs

\_\_\_ induce gonadal development

PGC primordial germ cells PGC enter genital ridge, form **primitive sex cords** that can become male or female

when PGCs enter the genital ridge they form the \_\_\_

primitive sex cords (indifferent gonad)

week 8 testes development

**mesonephric duct** degrading, **rete testis cords** forming and growing to make **testis cords,** outer membrane **tunica albuginea** forming

week 16 testes development

**testis cords** have formed horseshoe shape and are connected to **rete testis cords** which is connected to the **excretory mesonephric tubules (ductuli efferentes)** which is connected to the **mesonephric duct (ductus deferens)** the testis cords are made of: **PGCs, sertoli cells** and **leydig** cells (testosterone)

the testis cords are made of:

**PGCs, sertoli cells** and **leydig** cells (testosterone)

ovary development week 7

mesonephric tubule degrading medullary cords degrade surface epithelium thickens PGCs dissociate into cell clusters in the medulla and form **cortical cords**

ovary development week 20

2nd generation of cortical cord invading the mesenchyme mesonephric tubule becomes **ductuli efferentes** which leads to **mesonephric duct** clusters of PGCs become **primary oocytes, follicular cells** develop

2 pairs of genital ducts

**mesonephric** in females medullary cords degrade in males testes cords connect to rete testis connect to mesonephric duct **paramesonephric** Mullerian duct in females

transcription factors for sexual dimorphism

transcription factors for males

SRY → Sox9→ SF1 and other genes → testes Sox 9 inhibits WNT4 the female transcription factor

Female Transcription factors

WNT4→ DAX1 and other genes(TAFII 105) → ovaries DAX1 **inhibits** SOX9

Metanephrogenic mesenchyme causes the ___ to elongate and branch

ureteric bud

explain metanephric tissue caps

Tissue caps make **WT1 (transcription factor),** this gets mesenchyme ready to bind (makes **competent**) to **FGF2 and BMP7** (growth factors) from ureteric bud, this stimulates mesenchyme proliferation (make renal vesicles by MET which is induced by **PAX2 and WNT4** that is produced by the ureteric bud) and maintain WT1 expression WT1 also regulates **GDNF** ( used to bind and branch ureteric bud) and **HGF**

excretory units comes from

metanephric mesenchyme

collecting system comes from

ureteric bud

The intermediate mesoderm is specified by ___ whose expression is required to form the kidney.

homeodomain transcription factors

**3 homeodomain transcription factors necessary for intermediate mesoderm to form the \_\_\_**

**Pax2, Pax8, and Lim1** **kidney**

The intermediate mesoderm acquires its ability to form the kidneys through its interactions with the \_\_\_

paraxial mesoderm.

\_\_\_ have overlapping boundaries in the frog, and kidney development starts with cells that express both genes.

Pax8 and Lim1

Ectopic co-expression of Pax8 & Lim1 will make ___ in other tissues.

kidneys

If Pax2 is experimentally expressed in the presomitic mesoderm, it converts that paraxial mesoderm into \_\_\_, expresses Lim1 and forms kidneys.

intermediate mesoderm

In mouse embryos, knockout of ___ genes, the mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition needed to form the kidney duct fails, and the cells undergo apoptosis, and no nephric structures form.

Pax2 and Pax8

Pax2 and Lim1 induce ___ of each other in the mouse.

expression

Lim1 is necessary for converting intermediate mesenchyme into \_\_\_

kidney duct.

Lim1 is also required for forming ___ in mesonephric and metanephric mesenchyme.

ureteric bud & tubular structure

\_\_\_ is the earliest stage of kidney formation that forms cranially in the nephrogenic plate.

**Pronephros**

The pronephros has 7-8 pairs of ___ that develop at the level of somites 7-14.

pronephric tubules

The pronephros persists in \_\_\_. In \_\_\_\_, the pronephros regresses.

fish and lower vertebrates mammals

**\_\_\_** is the second stage of kidney development

**Mesonephros**

Each tubule in the mesonephros is associated with a blood vessel on the cranial end and attaches to the ___ on the posterior end.

pronephric duct

The mesonephric duct extends to the cloaca and will persist in \_\_\_.

males

pronephric duct grows caudally to the cloaca and becomes the \_\_\_.

mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)

mesonephric tubules grow and form an S-shaped loop that are associated with a tuft of capillaries called a ___ medially which will form the Bowman’s capsule. These structures form a \_\_\_.

glomerulus renal corpuscle

The mesonephros persists in \_\_\_. The mesonephros degenerates rapidly in \_\_\_. But the mesonephric duct will persist in \_\_\_.

amphibians mammals males

**\_\_** is the third stage of renal development and becomes the kidney in reptiles, birds and mammals.

**Metanephros**

The ___ branches from the mesonephric duct and interacts with the surrounding mesenchyme.

**Ureteric bud**

**Metanephros** or permanent kidney develops ___ to the mesonephros.

caudal

**\_\_\_** cells condense around the terminal buds of the branching ureteric bud and develop into a renal tubule.

**Mesenchymal blastema/ metanephrogenic mesenchyme**

Precursors of vascular endothelial cells migrate into the vicinity of metanephric blastema/ metanephrogenic mesenchyme and form capillaries that will form the ___ and connect to the aorta.

**glomerulus**

A basal lamina forms between the developing tubules and the glomerular endothelial cells which later will be the \_\_\_

renal filtration barrier

In the metanephros, the comma-shaped tubule becomes S-shaped and then elongates to form a hairpin shaped \_\_\_

loop of Henle.

The metanephros is derived from:

* *Ureteric bud** – outgrowth of mesonephric duct * *Metanephric blastema/ mesenchyme**– mesoderm located at the caudal endo of the nephrogenic cord

Functional nephrons develop from 3 cell types:

1. Epithelial cells from the ureteric bud 2. Mesenchymal cells from the metanephric blastema 3. Endothelial cells of the developing capillaries

Outgrowth of the ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct is a response to the secretion of ___ by the undifferentiated mesenchyme of the metanephrogenic blastema.

**glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor** (**GDNF** )

GDNF is bound by \_\_\_, a member of the tyrosine kinase receptor superfamily, which is located in the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the early **ureteric bud.**

cRet

The formation of GDNF in the metanephric mesenchyme is regulated by \_\_\_

**WT-1**

\_\_\_ signaling in the surrounding mesoderm is also inhibitory to outgrowth of the ureteric bud, but within the metanephrogenic blastema its action is counteracted by the\_\_\_ , which is produced within the blastema itself.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) BMP-inhibitory actions of **gremlin**

these two types of mesenchyme, ___ and \_\_\_, create a sharp border between the forming ureter (associated with \_\_\_mesenchyme) and the intrarenal collecting duct system (associated with ___ mesoderm).

intermediate mesoderm and tailbud mesenchyme tailbud intermediate

the ____ of the adult kidney shares properties with the ureter and the collecting system, and its cellular origins are unclear.

renal pelvis

The morphological foundations for the development of the metanephric kidney are the elongation and branching (up to 14 or 15 times) of the ureteric bud, which becomes the ___ system of the metanephros, and the formation of renal tubules from mesenchymal condensations (metanephrogenic blastema) located around the tips of the branches.

**collecting** (**metanephric**) **duct**