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21 fall: Dev Bio > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

formation of haploid gametes

A

gametogensis

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2
Q

formation of sperm

A

spermatogenesis

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3
Q

explain spermatogenesis

A 
primordial germ cell
spermatogonia- mitotic division
primary spermatocyte- meiosis I
secondary spermatocyte- meiosis II
spermatid- loss of residual bodies- make shape
spermatozoa
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4
Q

Mother cells that help sperm development

A

sertoli cells

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5
Q

cells that produce testosterone, live outside sertoli cells

A

interstitial cells

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6
Q

primitive sustentacular cells that develop a lumen are called

A

seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

parts of sperm

A

head - acrosome, haploid nucleus
Tail
-neck- mitochondria
-middle piece- flagellum 2 to 9 formation

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8
Q

explain oogenesis

A

PRIMORDIAL GERM CELL- gets surrounded by follicular cells

OOGONIA- enters meiosis I stops at diplotene prophase

PRIMARY OOCYTE- (2N) follicular cells now called granulosa cells -whole thing called primordial follicle

PRIMARY FOLLICLE- granulosa cells become cubodial

SECONDARY FOLLICLE- STARTS AT PUBERTY- many layers of granulosa

SECONDARY FOLLICLE- antrum, cumulus oophorus and ZP forms

TERTIARY FOLLICLE- at menstration: cell restart meiosis I splits into daughter cell (1N) and polar body. oocyte is ovulated from ovary leaving granulosa behind

SECONDARY OOCYTE- sperm entering triggers Meiosis II, creates haploid daughter cell and polar body, daughter cell will go through mitosis with sperm

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9
Q

combination of two haploid gametes fuse to make a genetically unique individual

A

fertilization

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10
Q

group of cells that hold oocyte in center of follicle

A

cumulus oophorus

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11
Q

another name for cumulus oophorus

A

corona radiata

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12
Q

term for many sperm getting into egg

A

polyspermy

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13
Q

what does ZP do

A
  1. helps sperm and egg binding
  2. block polyspermy
  3. maintaining pre implantation embryo structure- stays until granulation hatching
  4. prevents premature implantation
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14
Q

explain acrosome reaction

A

when sperm binds to ZP digestive proteins, hyaluronidase and acrosin, are released and help break down the ZP which allows sperm to get into egg

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15
Q

name the digestive proteins in acrosome reaction

A

hyaluronidase and acrosin

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16
Q

explain sperm getting to egg

A
  1. sperm reach ZP
  2. acrosome reaction digests ZP
  3. plasma membrane of sperm and egg fuse- increase in Ca2+ causes egg to complete meiosis II
  4. cortical granules are released from egg and change ZP to prevent polyspermy
  5. sperm enters egg
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17
Q

the release of ___ causes the egg to complete meiosis II. this process is called ____

A

Ca2+

oocyte activation

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18
Q

explain cortical reaction

A
  1. cortical granules live inside membrane of egg in vesicles

2. when sperm binds to plasma membrane of egg, granules are released and change ZP, preventing polyspermy

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19
Q

what is the ZP made of

A

made of 3 gycoproteins: ZPA, ZPB and ZPC

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20
Q

When cells divide in the absence of large amount of yolk

A

holoblastic cleavage

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21
Q

when cells divide in the presence of a large amount of yolk

A

meroblastic cleavage

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22
Q

types of holoblastic cleavage

A

bilateral, radial, spiral and rotational

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23
Q

type of meroblastic cleavage

A

discoidal and superficial

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24
Q

cleavage when it separates into L and R side, creates mirror image

A

bilateral holoblastic cleavage

25
cleavage when spindle axes are parallel or at a right angle to the polar axis of the oocyte
radial holoblastic cleavage
26
cleavage when planes are oblique to polar axis
spiral holoblastic cleavage
27
cleavage when first division generates daughter cells. Second division when divides meridionally and one divides equatorially
rotational holoblastic cleavage
28
example of rotation holoblastic cleavage
humans
29
example of spiral holoblastic cleavage
molluscs
30
example of radial holoblastic cleavage
starfish, sea urchins
31
example of bilateral holoblastic cleavage
tunicate (marine invertebrate)
32
cleavage furrows that do not penetrate yolk. form disk.
discoidal meroblastic cleavage
33
cleavage where mitosis but not cytokinesis occurs, results in polynuclear embryo that arrange themselves on periphery of the egg
superficial meroblastic cleavage
34
example of discoidal meroblastic cleavage
birds, reptiles and fish
35
example of superficial meroblastic cleavage
arthropods
36
1st cleavage in humans creates
2 blastomeres
37
process by which cells adhere and condense onto each other at 8 cell stage
compaction
38
compaction is helped by
e-cadherins
39
compaction results in
a 16 cell morula with a outer trophoblast and an inner cell mass
40
32 cell stage
blastulation
41
explain blastulation
trophoblast (outer cells) allow fluid inside forming a blastocoel, and pushes remaining cells into inner cell mass
42
this type of cells will become the placenta
trophoblast
43
this type of cells will become the fetus
inner cell mass
44
embryonic stem cells come from
inner cell mass
45
explain hatching of blastocyst
1. blastocyst secrete proteases that help break down ZP. Blastocyst also gets so big it breaks out of zona pellucida 2. ICM develops into hypoblast and epiblast 3. blastocyst embeds into uterine lining
46
inability of the blastocyst to hatch can lead to
infertility, IVF can sometimes help
47
ICM turns into
will form amniotic sac, epiblast and hypoblast epiblast will become fetus
48
epiblast and hypoblast is called
bilaminar disk
49
explain cleavage
zygote 16 cell morula- trophoblast forms on outside 32 cell blastocyst- blastocoel is formed, ICM is formed hatching- ICM forms amniotic sac, and changes into epiblast and hypoblast cells -egg breaks out of ZP and implants into uterine wall
50
factors used in iPSC
Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc
51
cells with small even distrubution of yolk
isolecithal
52
cells with uneven distribution of yold
mesolecithal
53
when anterior (cranial neuropore does not close
anencephaly
54
when (posterior) caudal neuropore does not close
spina bifida
55
forebrain becomes
prosencephalon
56
midbrain becomes
mesencephalon
57
hindbrain becomes
rhombencephalon
58
rhodesian ridgebacks form
dermoid sinus
59
dermoid sinus is formed by duplications of
FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and OVAOV1

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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