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21 fall: Dev Bio > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

formation of haploid gametes

A

gametogensis

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2
Q

formation of sperm

A

spermatogenesis

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3
Q

explain spermatogenesis

A 
primordial germ cell
spermatogonia- mitotic division
primary spermatocyte- meiosis I
secondary spermatocyte- meiosis II
spermatid- loss of residual bodies- make shape
spermatozoa
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4
Q

Mother cells that help sperm development

A

sertoli cells

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5
Q

cells that produce testosterone, live outside sertoli cells

A

interstitial cells

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6
Q

primitive sustentacular cells that develop a lumen are called

A

seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

parts of sperm

A

head - acrosome, haploid nucleus
Tail
-neck- mitochondria
-middle piece- flagellum 2 to 9 formation

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8
Q

explain oogenesis

A

PRIMORDIAL GERM CELL- gets surrounded by follicular cells

OOGONIA- enters meiosis I stops at diplotene prophase

PRIMARY OOCYTE- (2N) follicular cells now called granulosa cells -whole thing called primordial follicle

PRIMARY FOLLICLE- granulosa cells become cubodial

SECONDARY FOLLICLE- STARTS AT PUBERTY- many layers of granulosa

SECONDARY FOLLICLE- antrum, cumulus oophorus and ZP forms

TERTIARY FOLLICLE- at menstration: cell restart meiosis I splits into daughter cell (1N) and polar body. oocyte is ovulated from ovary leaving granulosa behind

SECONDARY OOCYTE- sperm entering triggers Meiosis II, creates haploid daughter cell and polar body, daughter cell will go through mitosis with sperm

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9
Q

combination of two haploid gametes fuse to make a genetically unique individual

A

fertilization

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10
Q

group of cells that hold oocyte in center of follicle

A

cumulus oophorus

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11
Q

another name for cumulus oophorus

A

corona radiata

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12
Q

term for many sperm getting into egg

A

polyspermy

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13
Q

what does ZP do

A
  1. helps sperm and egg binding
  2. block polyspermy
  3. maintaining pre implantation embryo structure- stays until granulation hatching
  4. prevents premature implantation
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14
Q

explain acrosome reaction

A

when sperm binds to ZP digestive proteins, hyaluronidase and acrosin, are released and help break down the ZP which allows sperm to get into egg

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15
Q

name the digestive proteins in acrosome reaction

A

hyaluronidase and acrosin

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16
Q

explain sperm getting to egg

A
  1. sperm reach ZP
  2. acrosome reaction digests ZP
  3. plasma membrane of sperm and egg fuse- increase in Ca2+ causes egg to complete meiosis II
  4. cortical granules are released from egg and change ZP to prevent polyspermy
  5. sperm enters egg
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17
Q

the release of ___ causes the egg to complete meiosis II. this process is called ____

A

Ca2+

oocyte activation

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18
Q

explain cortical reaction

A
  1. cortical granules live inside membrane of egg in vesicles

2. when sperm binds to plasma membrane of egg, granules are released and change ZP, preventing polyspermy

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19
Q

what is the ZP made of

A

made of 3 gycoproteins: ZPA, ZPB and ZPC

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20
Q

When cells divide in the absence of large amount of yolk

A

holoblastic cleavage

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21
Q

when cells divide in the presence of a large amount of yolk

A

meroblastic cleavage

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22
Q

types of holoblastic cleavage

A

bilateral, radial, spiral and rotational

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23
Q

type of meroblastic cleavage

A

discoidal and superficial

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24
Q

cleavage when it separates into L and R side, creates mirror image

A

bilateral holoblastic cleavage

25
Q

cleavage when spindle axes are parallel or at a right angle to the polar axis of the oocyte

A

radial holoblastic cleavage

26
Q

cleavage when planes are oblique to polar axis

A

spiral holoblastic cleavage

27
Q

cleavage when first division generates daughter cells. Second division when divides meridionally and one divides equatorially

A

rotational holoblastic cleavage

28
Q

example of rotation holoblastic cleavage

A

humans

29
Q

example of spiral holoblastic cleavage

A

molluscs

30
Q

example of radial holoblastic cleavage

A

starfish, sea urchins

31
Q

example of bilateral holoblastic cleavage

A

tunicate (marine invertebrate)

32
Q

cleavage furrows that do not penetrate yolk. form disk.

A

discoidal meroblastic cleavage

33
Q

cleavage where mitosis but not cytokinesis occurs, results in polynuclear embryo that arrange themselves on periphery of the egg

A

superficial meroblastic cleavage

34
Q

example of discoidal meroblastic cleavage

A

birds, reptiles and fish

35
Q

example of superficial meroblastic cleavage

A

arthropods

36
Q

1st cleavage in humans creates

A

2 blastomeres

37
Q

process by which cells adhere and condense onto each other at 8 cell stage

A

compaction

38
Q

compaction is helped by

A

e-cadherins

39
Q

compaction results in

A

a 16 cell morula with a outer trophoblast and an inner cell mass

40
Q

32 cell stage

A

blastulation

41
Q

explain blastulation

A

trophoblast (outer cells) allow fluid inside forming a blastocoel, and pushes remaining cells into inner cell mass

42
Q

this type of cells will become the placenta

A

trophoblast

43
Q

this type of cells will become the fetus

A

inner cell mass

44
Q

embryonic stem cells come from

A

inner cell mass

45
Q

explain hatching of blastocyst

A
  1. blastocyst secrete proteases that help break down ZP. Blastocyst also gets so big it breaks out of zona pellucida
  2. ICM develops into hypoblast and epiblast
  3. blastocyst embeds into uterine lining
46
Q

inability of the blastocyst to hatch can lead to

A

infertility, IVF can sometimes help

47
Q

ICM turns into

A

will form amniotic sac, epiblast and hypoblast

epiblast will become fetus

48
Q

epiblast and hypoblast is called

A

bilaminar disk

49
Q

explain cleavage

A

zygote
16 cell morula- trophoblast forms on outside
32 cell blastocyst- blastocoel is formed, ICM is formed
hatching- ICM forms amniotic sac, and changes into epiblast and hypoblast cells
-egg breaks out of ZP and implants into uterine wall

50
Q

factors used in iPSC

A

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc

51
Q

cells with small even distrubution of yolk

A

isolecithal

52
Q

cells with uneven distribution of yold

A

mesolecithal

53
Q

when anterior (cranial neuropore does not close

A

anencephaly

54
Q

when (posterior) caudal neuropore does not close

A

spina bifida

55
Q

forebrain becomes

A

prosencephalon

56
Q

midbrain becomes

A

mesencephalon

57
Q

hindbrain becomes

A

rhombencephalon

58
Q

rhodesian ridgebacks form

A

dermoid sinus

59
Q

dermoid sinus is formed by duplications of

A

FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and OVAOV1

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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