Test 2: Lecture 16 heart 2

Question 1

how does foramen ovale close

Answer 1

increased pressure in left atrium from increased blood causes the thin septum primum to push against the thicker septum secundum and close the foramen ovale

Question 2

ductus arteriosus closes ___

Answer 2

reflexively

Question 3

ductus venous, umbilical vein and umbilical artery ___ to prevent blood loss

Answer 3

constrict

Question 4

Fetal ductus arteriosus:

Answer 4

•Allows blood to bypass the lungs, which are not inflating or exchanging oxygen

•Blood goes from pulmonary artery through ductus to the aorta (R to L flow)

Question 5

•Inflation of lungs and increase in the oxygen tension of blood causes smooth muscle in the ___ to constrict, closing the lumen

Answer 5

ductus arteriosus

Question 6

What is the disorder if the smooth muscle ring is not complete and ductus arteriosus remains open ?

Answer 6

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 7

Patent ductus arteriosus is bad because

Answer 7

pressure is much higher in aorta and will force blood from the aorta into the pulmonary artery- lungs get increased blood, body gets less blood

high velocity= turbulent = murmur

this is the opposite direction of blood flow in the fetus when blood went from pulmonary artery through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta to skip the lungs

Question 8

What does a heart with PDA sound like

Answer 8

continuous heart murmur

blood constantly leaving the aorta into the pulmonary arteries which leads to overload of pulmonary capillaries→ pulmonary edema → heart failure

Question 9

PDA circulation

Answer 9

•PDA→ Pulmonary artery → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary veins → left atrium and ventricle → aorta

Question 10

PDA leads to

Answer 10

pulmonary edema and heart failure

Question 11

how to diagnosis PDA

Answer 11

hear murmur on auscultation

echocardiogram (transesophageal)

angiography

radiograph

Question 12

How to treat PDA

Answer 12

surgical ligation around the PDA at open chest surgery

non invasive: devise occlusion of the PDA

Question 13

pulmonary valve

Answer 13

•Valve that connects pulmonary artery and right ventricle:

semilunar valve

Question 14

aortic valve

Answer 14

Valve that connects aorta and left ventricle

semilunar valve

Question 15

when the opening of a valve is narrowed or formed incorrectly it leads to ___

Answer 15

valve stenosis

Question 16

pulmonic valve stenosis

Answer 16

Increase in heart muscle mass - apoptosis did not work correctly

Decreased blood flow- valve doesn’t open all the way not as much blood gets through causes murmur

Arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms)

common in small breed dogs

Symptoms:

Congestive heart failure

Exercise intolerance

Fainting

Treatment:

balloon is used to break leaflets apart

Question 17

Ventricular ___ divides the ventricle in left and right halves

Answer 17

septum

Question 18

when there is a whole in the ventricular septum called a ___, blood will flow from ___

Answer 18

ventricular septum defect (VSD)

high pressure (left)

to low pressure (right)

this will cause build up in the lungs→ congestive heart failure

Question 19

Bulbus cordis helps form dorsal portion of the ___, continues into ___, which forms spiral structure of the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Answer 19

spiral septum

truncus arteriosus

Question 20

Division of the ___ and placement of the bulbar cordis/septum on top of the ventricular septum occurs at same time

Answer 20

truncus arteriosus

Question 21

Bulbar cordis/septum needs to line up correctly with the interventricular septum to place the ___ over the right ventricle and ___ over the left ventricle

Answer 21

pulmonary artery

aorta

Question 22

tetralogy of fallot

Answer 22

•4 defects resulting from failure of conotruncal(spiral) septum to align with the the ventricular septum

Failure of ventricular septum to fully close: ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Narrowed right-sided opening from the right ventricle leading to pulmonic valve stenosis

Rightward deviation of the left sided opening from the left ventricle leading to rightward positioning of the aorta

Right heart enlargement secondary to pulmonic valve stenosis

Question 23

what does tetralogy of fallot cause

Answer 23

blood to flow Right to left

skips the lungs and deoxygenated blood is circulated into the body this leads to cyanosis

lethargy, exercise intolerance, RBC increases in number

Question 24

what breed is common to get tetralogy of fallot

Answer 24

keeshond dog

Question 25

persistent right aortic arch

Answer 25

PRAA

right aortic arch is supposed to regress, when it doesn’t aorta will form on that side, and left aortic arch will become ligament

problem happens because the RAA traps the esophagus and constricts the esophagus leading to regurgitation (food can’t fit past will come back up) will create a megaesophagus

Treatment cut Left aortic arch remnant

Question 26

___ is the most common congenital heart disease of small breed dogs.

Answer 26

PDA patent ductus arteriosus

pulmonary to aorta pathway that skips lungs in fetus remains open and leads blood to go from aorta into the pulmonary, which overworks the lungs and leads to pulmonary edema and heart failure

treatment: coil placed that will form clot and close off ductus arteriosus

Question 27

___, which uses sound waves (ultrasound), is the most common way to diagnose and examine PDA cases.

Answer 27

Echocardiography

Question 28

A narrowed or fused valve is termed ___, and ___ of the pulmonary valve (PV), which lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery is the second most common congenital defect of dogs.

Answer 28

stenotic

stenosis

Question 29

Hole in the ventricular septum is termed a ___

Answer 29

ventricular septal defect (VSD).