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21 fall: Dev Bio > test 2 Lecture 17 sense organs > Flashcards

test 2 Lecture 17 sense organs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

___ form sensory neurons

A

cranial placodes

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2
Q

what are the three cranial placodes in order from top to bottom

A
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3
Q

placode formation starts with thickening of the ___ then __

A

ectoderm

invagination

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4
Q

what is different between the lens vesicle and the otic vesicle and olfactory vesicle

A

the lens vesicle does not produce sensory neurons

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5
Q

The olfactory placode gives rise to the sensory neurons involved in smell, and also to some migratory neurons that will travel into the brain & secrete ___ releasing hormone.

A

gonadotropin

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6
Q

The otic placode gives rise to the sensory epithelium of the ear and to neurons that help form the ___.

A

cochlear-vestibular ganglion

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7
Q

Trigeminal placodes

A

sensory neurons that innervate the face and jaw

ophthalmic and maxillomandibular

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8
Q

epibranchial placodes

A

Nodose: forms sensory neurons innervating heart, lungs, gut

Petrosal & geniculate placodes: forms neurons innervating taste buds

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9
Q

eye development involves ectoderm, ___, and mesenchyme

A

neural crest cells

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10
Q

eye development starts with ___

A

outpocketing of the wall of the diencephalon

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11
Q

___: inducer tissue & the responding tissue

A

Inductive interactions

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12
Q

head mesenchyme produce ___ which will stimulate the formation of ___ in the eye

A

TGF-beta

retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)

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13
Q

In the eye, ___ produced by the presumptive lens placode will inhibit the production of RPE and form ___

A

FGF

neural retina (NR)

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14
Q

Factors secreted by the presumptive lens placode (FGFs) promote ___

A

neural retina (NR).

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15
Q

Factors produced by the head mesenchyme surrounding the optic vesicle (TGFbeta) directs ___ formation.

A

retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)

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16
Q

The lens placode invaginates to become a ____ , which forms a complete circle that pinches off from the surface ectoderm to become the ___

A

lens pit

lens vesicle.

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17
Q

At the same time the lens vesicle is forming, the optic vesicle also invaginates to form a double-layered structure called the ___. So at this point we see a goblet-shaped optic cup with the lens vesicle floating in its open end.

A

optic cup

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18
Q

Cells in the ___ absorb excess light and transport oxygen and nutrients to photoreceptors.

A

RPE (melanocytes)

retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)

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19
Q

The portion of each optic vesicle that interacts with the surface ectoderm induces an area of the ectoderm to form a thickening, the ___(a precursor of the lens).

A

lens placode

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20
Q

Blood vessels gain access to the eye through the ___

A

optic stalk.

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21
Q

2 layers of the optic cup

A

thick inner layer:

neural retina (NR)

thin outer layer:

retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)

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22
Q

___ a sensory layer that receives visual images, converts into signals transmitted through optic nerve

A

neural retina (NR),

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23
Q

optic stalk becomes the ___

A

optic nerve

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24
Q

lens specification depends on optic ___

A

vesicle

Ablation of the optic vesicle prevents the formation of the lens.

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25
Q

lens vesicle will close, move away from the ___, and form __ inside the optic cup

A

ectoderm

lens

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26
Q

Bottom of optic cup forms epithelium of ___ and ciliary body

A

iris

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27
Q

inner layer (NR): forms ___ and ___

A

rods & cones

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28
Q

___ & ciliary body develop from neural crest cells migrating into this area

A

Stroma of iris

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29
Q

___ in stroma of the iris determines eye color

A

Melanin

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30
Q

explain how lens is formed

A
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31
Q

cell differentiation within the lens

A

anterior cuboidal epithelial cells

dividing epithelial cells

elongation

stops dividing and elongates more and become mature posterior fiber cells with crystallin

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32
Q

crystallin

A

90% of total lens protein are crystallins

10% insoluble albuminoids

3 types of crystallin

Alpha-crystallin:

•Largest crystallin• 31% total lens proteins

Beta-crystallin:

•Most abundant•55% heterogenous

Gamma-crystallin:

Smallest and least abundant (2%)

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33
Q

3 types of crystallins

A

Alpha-crystallin:

•Largest crystallin• 31% total lens proteins

Beta-crystallin:

•Most abundant•55% heterogenous

Gamma-crystallin:

Smallest and least abundant (2%)

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34
Q

beta- crystallin

A

Most abundant type of crystallin

55% heterogenous

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35
Q

alpha crystallin

A
  • Largest crystallin
  • 31% total lens proteins
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36
Q

gamma crystallin

A

Smallest and least abundant (2%)

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37
Q

example of reciprocal inductive interactions during eye development

A

optic vesicle induces the formation of lens placode which then induces formation of optic cup

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38
Q

___ expressed at late gastrula stage in lens ectoderm

A

Otx2

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39
Q

Inducers from neural plate initiate ___ expression in lens ectoderm, making it ___to respond to optic vesicle in late neurula stage

A

Pax6

competent

40
Q

Optic vesicle produces BMPs that induce ___ expression at late neural stage, which initiates lens formation

A

Sox3

41
Q

During eye development Otx2 is made after Pax6

true or false?

A

false

Otx2 first during mid gastrula stage

then pax6 during early neurula stage

42
Q

___ competence factor that regulates eye development

A

Pax6

43
Q

where is Pax6 found

A
44
Q

sonic hedgehog (shh) is produced by the ___ and ___Pax6 expression in the center of the eye field.

A

midline tissues

suppresses

45
Q

If shh signaling is impaired, Pax6 expression is sustained in the entire eye field, leading to the development of ___

A

one large eye

cyclopia

46
Q

fusion of the eyes

A

synophtalmia

47
Q

cyclopia is associated with underdevelopment of the forebrain and cranial defects like___ (single telenecephalic lobe).

A

holoprosencephaly

48
Q

Factors affecting the midline structure formation of the eye include:

A

alcohol

abnormal cholesterol metabolism

Teratogens: cyclopamine

49
Q

what causes cycolpia

A

Cyclopamine: teratogenic agent that inhibits the Shh signaling pathway

chemical in corn lily

50
Q
A

NR= neural retina

RPE= retinal pigmented epithelium

51
Q

three parts of the ear

A

outer= capture sound

middle= amplify sound

inner= transduce sound

52
Q

parts of the outer ear

A

auricle or pinna

auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane)

53
Q

The outer ear is mainly formed by the cells in the ___ including arch ___ and ___.

A

first pharyngeal cleft,

ectoderm and mesoderm

54
Q

parts of middle ear

A

eardrum

ossicles, three small bones

Eustachian tube: connects to the throat to equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum

55
Q

___: connects to the throat to equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum

A

Eustachian tube

56
Q

The middle ear chamber is filled with ___

A

air

57
Q

what are the three bones of the middle ear?

A

malleus (hammer)

incus (anvil)

stapes (stirrup)

58
Q

___ ossicles are derived from the first branchial arches.

A

malleus and incus

59
Q

___ ossicles are derived from the 2nd branchial arch.

A

stapes

60
Q

origin of the ossicles are ___

A

neural crest or paraxial mesoderm.

61
Q

The cavity of the middle ear is lined by mucosal tissues of ___ origin that extends from the oral cavity.

A

endoderm

62
Q

The first visible sign of inner ear development is the appearance of the ___, an ectodermal thickening located adjacent to rhombomeres ___ of the hindbrain.

A

otic placode

5 and 6

63
Q

induction of otic placode

A

Fgf8 from endoderm

stimulates Fgf19 from mesoderm

stimulates Wnt8c and Fgf3 from neural plate

Fgf19 also prepares prospective otic placode

stimulates thickening otic placode of ectoderm

A portion of the pharyngeal endoderm sercretes Fgf8, which induces the mesoderm overlying it to secrete Fgf19.

Fgf19 is received by both the prospective otic placode and the adjacent neural plate.

Fgf19 instructs the neural plate to secrete Wnt8c and Fgf3, two paracrine factors that work synergistically to induce Pax2 and other genes that allow the cells to produce the otic placode and become sensory cells.

64
Q

development of the inner ear

A
65
Q

otic vesicle becomes

A

cochlear duct

semicircular canals

66
Q

delaminating neuroblasts from the otic cup become

A

the ganglion of the 8th cranial nerve

67
Q

most components of the inner ear are derived from the ___ (otic placode).

what are the exceptions?

A

ectoderm

Exception: the pigment cells of the stria vascularis and the secretory epithelium of the cochlea (neural crest origin); cartilaginous tissues surrounding the epithelial core of the inner ear (paraxial mesoderm).

68
Q

the pigment cells of the stria vascularis and the secretory epithelium of the cochlea come from ___origin

A

neural crest

69
Q

cartilaginous tissues surrounding the epithelial core of the inner ear come from ___ origins

A

paraxial mesoderm

70
Q
A

Dorsally : semi circular canals (SCC), utricule (U) and saccule (S)

Ventrally : cochlea (C)

71
Q

In its adult form, the mammalian inner ear includes six sensory patches that develop as sensory epithelia acting as the primary transducers of ___

A

sound, motion and gravity

72
Q

Three semi-circular canals (scc) are responsible for the ___

A

perception and maintenance of balance

73
Q

the organ of Corti, which extends along the coil of the cochlear duct, acts as the ___

A

primary auditory organ

74
Q

the saccule (s) and utricule (u), located in the center of the inner ear,

A

perceives linear and angular acceleration

75
Q

___ perceives linear and angular acceleration

A

saccule (s) and utricule (u),

76
Q

___ acts as the primary auditory organ

A

organ of Corti

77
Q

__ are responsible for the perception and maintenance of balance

A

Three semi-circular canals (scc)

78
Q
A
79
Q

organ of corti

A
  • a single inner hair cell (I)
  • three outer hair cells (1-3)
  • a number of supporting cells
  • -TC (tunnel of Corti)*
80
Q

The organ of Corti is located on the floor of the ___

A

scala media.

81
Q

___ extends dorsally to communicate with the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the passage of cerebrospinal fluid from the CNS to the inner ear, where it is called ___, an essential fluid for sensory transduction.

A

Endolymphatic duct

endolymph

82
Q

endolymph

A

cerebrospinal fluid from the CNS to the inner ear,

an essential fluid for sensory transduction.

83
Q

how does inner ear differ between species

A

utricle and semicircular canals highly conserved

auditory chamber very different:

84
Q

auditory chambers in fish

A

The saccule and lagena are prominent auditory organs in fish but the saccule has a vestibular role in mammals and birds.

The lagena is absent in mammals and is of uncertain function in birds.

85
Q

auditory chambers in birds and mammals

A

The primary auditory organ in birds and mammals is the cochlea (c), which has no known counterpart in fishes and amphibians.

86
Q

auditory chamber in amphibian

A

In amphibians, the saccule is auditory, as are the basilar papilla and amphibian papilla.

87
Q

what are two transcription factors for otic vesicle development

A

Hmx3 (semi circular canal) (top of inner ear)

Pax 2 (cochlea- bottom of inner ear)

88
Q

Cochlear degeneration is the most common cause of ___ in aged animals.

A

acquired deafness

89
Q

___ can be inherited or results from damage to the developing fetus.

A

Congenital deafness

90
Q

___ is caused by defects in cochlear hair cells or cochlear nerve neurons.

A

Sensorineural deafness

91
Q

merle & spotted white coats are often associated with congenital sensorineural deafness in dogs and other animals. this is because of ___

A

abnormal neural crest derived pigment cells

30% of dalmatians are deaf

92
Q

: abnormal Sox9 expression. results in abnormal circling behavior

A

Vestibular apparatus dysfunction

93
Q

___ are present in normal hearing tissue. They are absent or reduced when deafness occurs.

A

Melanocytes

94
Q

Melanocytes help control the___, required for normal hearing.

A

endocochlear potential

95
Q

what are some errors of melanocytes in association with deafness

A

Failure of migration of neural crest cells (melanoblasts)

Abnormal maturation of melanocytes

Premature death/dysfunction of melatocytes within cochlea (sv)

21 fall: Dev Bio (21 decks)

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