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Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classification and the nomenclature used
Groups organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships taking into account anatomical and structural characteristics, modes of excretion, movement and digestion, genetic makeup, and biochemical capabilities

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2
Q

Domain

A

Largest divisions of life based on the degree of differences among them
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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3
Q

Kingdom

A 
Archaea
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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4
Q

K, P, C, O, F, G, S

A 
Kingdom
Phyla
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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5
Q

Monera

A

Archaea and Eubacteria

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

Eubacteria

A

Single-celled prokaryotes with a single double-stranded circular loop of DNA
Have cell walls
Active roles in biogeochemical cycles, recycle various chemicals
Classified by morphological appearances

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7
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Live primarily in fresh water
Possess cell wall and photosynthetic pigment
Can withstand extreme temperatures
Blue-green algae

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8
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotes
Often have cell walls and flagella
Exhibit unique variations
Cell membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids
Changes to molecules involved in basic biochemical process
Wide variety of extreme environments

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9
Q

Protista

A

Primitive eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
Single cells or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation of specialized tissue

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10
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-cells organisms
Heterotrophic
Rhizopods move with cellular extensions (pseudopods)
Cliiophors have cilia for feeding and locomotion

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11
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic

Blue, green, red, brown algae

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12
Q

Slime Molds

A

Arranged in coenocytic (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm
Unique life cycle include fruiting bodies and unicellular flagellated spores
Reproduce asexually by sporulation

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13
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, differentiated, nonmotile
Cell wall composed of chitin
Heterotrophic; saprophytic or parasitic
Reproduce by asexual sporulation or intricate sexual processes
Mushrooms, yeast, lichens

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14
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular
Nonmotile photosynthetic
Autotrophic
Supportive tissues for mechanical support
Conducting or vascular tissues for transport water, minerals, and nutrients
Waxy cuticles to minimize loss of water while permitting the transmittance of light
Stomata are air space making elaborate respiratory and excretory systems unnecessary

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15
Q

Bryophytes

A

Bryophyta, hepatophyta, anthocerotophyta
Simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues
Lack xylem
Flagellated sperm cells
Must live in moist places
Undergo alternation of generations, gametophyte is the dominant generation as the “main” plant, sporophyte is smaller growing off the gametophyte from the archegonium
Mosses, liverworts

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16
Q

Xylem

A

Water-conducting vascular tissue

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17
Q

Phloem

A

Food-conducting vascular tissue

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18
Q

Tracheophytes

A

Vascular plants with great degree of cell differentiation
Contain xylem and phloem
have radial symmetry about a main vertical axis
Anchored by deep roots
Waxy surfaces for water conservation, stomata for gas exchange
Cellular water storage creates turgid cells
Sporophyte generation is dominant, gametophyte is short-lived and independent or small/parasitic

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19
Q

Non-seed-bearing plants

A

Pteriodphyta

Lycopodiophyta

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20
Q

Pterophytes

A 
Division of Pteriodophyta
Ferns
Grow from underground stem (rhizome)
Large leaves with many vascular bundles
Grow lengthwise
Xylem have elongated tracheid cells that transport water and salts
Do not produce seeds
Short-lived gametophyte generation
Sporangium on underside of leaves produce monoploid spores which germinate to form gametophytes
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21
Q

Lycophytes

A

Division of Lycopodiophyta
Have roots
Nonwoody
Contain microphyll leaves

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22
Q

Seed-bearing plants

A

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

23
Q

Angiosperms

A

Greatest diversity
Covered seeds
Most abundant
Flowers as principal reproductive structures. Pollination involving the germination of pollen tubes which aid in the fertilization of female eggs in the gametophyte. Embyro develops into a seed within the ovary which ripens into fruit for dispersal

24
Q

Anther

A

Male stamen produce microspores (pollen grains)

25
Pistal
Ovary | Produces megaspores
26
Dicotyledons
Angiosperms Net-veined leaves Vascular bundles around a ring within the central cylinder 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) within the seed Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Maple/apple trees, potatoes, carrots, goldenrods, buttercups
27
Monocotyledons
``` Angiosperms Leaves with parallel veins Scattered vascular bundles Seeds with single cotyledons Do not posses cambium Nonwoody (herbaceous) Flower parts in multiples of 3 Sugar cane, pineapple, irises, bananas, orchids, palms ```
28
Gymnosperms
Naked-seeded plants Gametophyte is short-lived and microscopic Male microspore produces pollen carried by the wind Sperm nuclei fertilize an egg with aid of pollen tube. Embryo develops within exposed seed Specialized cambium tissue allows growth of secondary xylem (wood) and phloem Grow in diameter and length Woody Most are evergreens (non-deciduous)
29
Conifers
Division of Pinophyta Largest group of gymnosperms Pines, spruce, firs Cones, spiral clusters of modified leaves Large female cones with sporangia that produce megaspores Small male cones with sporangia that produce microspores
30
Cycadophyta
Stout, cylindrical trees with pinnate (feather-like) leaves
31
Gentophyta
Vine like gymnosperms
32
Ginkgophyta
One extant species | Grows pungent seeds
33
Animalia
Multicellular, motile, heterotrophic Differentiated tissues Bilateral or radial symmetry
34
Porifera
Sea sponges Two layers of cells, pores, and low degree of cellular specialization Sessile
35
Cnidarian
Contain digestive sac sealed at one end Two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm Many specialized features including tentacles, stinging cells, nerve nets Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, coral
36
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms with ribbon-like, bilaterally symmetrical bodies 3 layers of cells Do not have circulatory systems Nervous system: eyes, interior brain ganglion, pair of longitudinal nerve cords
37
Nematode
``` Roundwormds Long digestive tubes and anuses Solid mesoderm No circulatory system Nerve cords and anterior nerve ring ```
38
Annelida
Segmented worms that possess a coelom (true body cavity) contained in the mesoderm Well-defined system (nervous, circulatory, excretory)
39
Mollusca
Soft-bodied Mantels often secrete calcareous (calcium carbonate) exoskeletons Breather by gills Contain chambered hearts, blood sinuses, pair of ventral nerve cords Clams, snails, squid
40
Arthropoda
Jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeletons, open circulatory systems (sinuses) Classes: insects, arachnids, crustaceans
41
Echinodermata
Spiny, radially symmetrical Contain water-vascular system Possess capacity for regeneration of parts Starfish, sea urchin
42
Chordata
Stiff dorsal rod (notochord) Paired gill slits Tail extending beyond the anus Lancelets and tunicates
43
Vertebrata
Subphylum of Choradata Possess bones (vertebrae) forming the backbone. Bont vertebrae replace notochord and protect the nerve cord, skull protects the brain Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
44
Agnatha
``` Jawless fish retain notochord throughout life Cartilaginous internal skeleton Possess sucking mouth Lamprey, hagfish ```
45
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish Possess jaws and teeth Reduced notochord exists as segments between cartilaginous vertebrae Shark
46
Osteichthyes
``` Bony fish Have scales Lack notochord Cartilage replaced by bony skeleton Sturgeon, trout, tuna ```
47
Amphibian
Larval stages found in water; possess gills and tail with no legs Adult stage on land, have lungs, two pairs of legs, no tail, 3-chambered heart, no scales External fertilization Frog, salamander, toad, newt
48
Reptilian
Terrestrial Have lungs, scales, 3-chambered heart, lay leathery eggs, internal fertilization Cold-blooded Turtle, lizard, snake, crocodile
49
Aves
Birds Possess 4-chambered hearts Warm-blooded Eggs surrounded by shells
50
Mammalia
Warm-blooded | Feed offspring with mild produced via mammary glands
51
Monotremata
lay leathery eggs Horny bills Produce milk via mammary gland with numerous openings but no nipples
52
Marsupials
``` Infraclass of punched mammals Embryo begins development in the uterus and completes while attached to nipples in the abdominal pouch ```
53
Placentalia
Embryos develop fully in the uterus | Placenta attaches the embyro to the uterine wall and provides exchange of food, oxygen and waste
54
Viruses
Do not carry out physiological or biochemical processes outside a host Take over the host's cellular machinery and direct replication of viral genome and protein coat Lytic and lysogenic life cycles Contain DNA or RNA and some essential enzymes surrounded by a protein coat

Biology (17 decks)

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