Taxonomy Flashcards
Taxonomy
The science of classification and the nomenclature used
Groups organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships taking into account anatomical and structural characteristics, modes of excretion, movement and digestion, genetic makeup, and biochemical capabilities
Domain
Largest divisions of life based on the degree of differences among them
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Kingdom
Archaea Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
K, P, C, O, F, G, S
Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species
Monera
Archaea and Eubacteria
Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Single-celled prokaryotes with a single double-stranded circular loop of DNA
Have cell walls
Active roles in biogeochemical cycles, recycle various chemicals
Classified by morphological appearances
Cyanobacteria
Live primarily in fresh water
Possess cell wall and photosynthetic pigment
Can withstand extreme temperatures
Blue-green algae
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Often have cell walls and flagella
Exhibit unique variations
Cell membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids
Changes to molecules involved in basic biochemical process
Wide variety of extreme environments
Protista
Primitive eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
Single cells or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation of specialized tissue
Protozoa
Single-cells organisms
Heterotrophic
Rhizopods move with cellular extensions (pseudopods)
Cliiophors have cilia for feeding and locomotion
Algae
Photosynthetic
Blue, green, red, brown algae
Slime Molds
Arranged in coenocytic (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm
Unique life cycle include fruiting bodies and unicellular flagellated spores
Reproduce asexually by sporulation
Fungi
Eukaryotic, multicellular, differentiated, nonmotile
Cell wall composed of chitin
Heterotrophic; saprophytic or parasitic
Reproduce by asexual sporulation or intricate sexual processes
Mushrooms, yeast, lichens
Plantae
Multicellular
Nonmotile photosynthetic
Autotrophic
Supportive tissues for mechanical support
Conducting or vascular tissues for transport water, minerals, and nutrients
Waxy cuticles to minimize loss of water while permitting the transmittance of light
Stomata are air space making elaborate respiratory and excretory systems unnecessary
Bryophytes
Bryophyta, hepatophyta, anthocerotophyta
Simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues
Lack xylem
Flagellated sperm cells
Must live in moist places
Undergo alternation of generations, gametophyte is the dominant generation as the “main” plant, sporophyte is smaller growing off the gametophyte from the archegonium
Mosses, liverworts
Xylem
Water-conducting vascular tissue
Phloem
Food-conducting vascular tissue
Tracheophytes
Vascular plants with great degree of cell differentiation
Contain xylem and phloem
have radial symmetry about a main vertical axis
Anchored by deep roots
Waxy surfaces for water conservation, stomata for gas exchange
Cellular water storage creates turgid cells
Sporophyte generation is dominant, gametophyte is short-lived and independent or small/parasitic
Non-seed-bearing plants
Pteriodphyta
Lycopodiophyta
Pterophytes
Division of Pteriodophyta Ferns Grow from underground stem (rhizome) Large leaves with many vascular bundles Grow lengthwise Xylem have elongated tracheid cells that transport water and salts Do not produce seeds Short-lived gametophyte generation Sporangium on underside of leaves produce monoploid spores which germinate to form gametophytes
Lycophytes
Division of Lycopodiophyta
Have roots
Nonwoody
Contain microphyll leaves
Seed-bearing plants
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Greatest diversity
Covered seeds
Most abundant
Flowers as principal reproductive structures. Pollination involving the germination of pollen tubes which aid in the fertilization of female eggs in the gametophyte. Embyro develops into a seed within the ovary which ripens into fruit for dispersal
Anther
Male stamen produce microspores (pollen grains)
Pistal
Ovary
Produces megaspores
Dicotyledons
Angiosperms
Net-veined leaves
Vascular bundles around a ring within the central cylinder
2 cotyledons (seed leaves) within the seed
Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Maple/apple trees, potatoes, carrots, goldenrods, buttercups
Monocotyledons
Angiosperms Leaves with parallel veins Scattered vascular bundles Seeds with single cotyledons Do not posses cambium Nonwoody (herbaceous) Flower parts in multiples of 3 Sugar cane, pineapple, irises, bananas, orchids, palms
Gymnosperms
Naked-seeded plants
Gametophyte is short-lived and microscopic
Male microspore produces pollen carried by the wind
Sperm nuclei fertilize an egg with aid of pollen tube. Embryo develops within exposed seed
Specialized cambium tissue allows growth of secondary xylem (wood) and phloem
Grow in diameter and length
Woody
Most are evergreens (non-deciduous)
Conifers
Division of Pinophyta
Largest group of gymnosperms
Pines, spruce, firs
Cones, spiral clusters of modified leaves
Large female cones with sporangia that produce megaspores
Small male cones with sporangia that produce microspores
Cycadophyta
Stout, cylindrical trees with pinnate (feather-like) leaves
Gentophyta
Vine like gymnosperms
Ginkgophyta
One extant species
Grows pungent seeds
Animalia
Multicellular, motile, heterotrophic
Differentiated tissues
Bilateral or radial symmetry
Porifera
Sea sponges
Two layers of cells, pores, and low degree of cellular specialization
Sessile
Cnidarian
Contain digestive sac sealed at one end
Two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm
Many specialized features including tentacles, stinging cells, nerve nets
Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, coral
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms with ribbon-like, bilaterally symmetrical bodies
3 layers of cells
Do not have circulatory systems
Nervous system: eyes, interior brain ganglion, pair of longitudinal nerve cords
Nematode
Roundwormds Long digestive tubes and anuses Solid mesoderm No circulatory system Nerve cords and anterior nerve ring
Annelida
Segmented worms that possess a coelom (true body cavity) contained in the mesoderm
Well-defined system (nervous, circulatory, excretory)
Mollusca
Soft-bodied
Mantels often secrete calcareous (calcium carbonate) exoskeletons
Breather by gills
Contain chambered hearts, blood sinuses, pair of ventral nerve cords
Clams, snails, squid
Arthropoda
Jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeletons, open circulatory systems (sinuses)
Classes: insects, arachnids, crustaceans
Echinodermata
Spiny, radially symmetrical
Contain water-vascular system
Possess capacity for regeneration of parts
Starfish, sea urchin
Chordata
Stiff dorsal rod (notochord)
Paired gill slits
Tail extending beyond the anus
Lancelets and tunicates
Vertebrata
Subphylum of Choradata
Possess bones (vertebrae) forming the backbone. Bont vertebrae replace notochord and protect the nerve cord, skull protects the brain
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Agnatha
Jawless fish retain notochord throughout life Cartilaginous internal skeleton Possess sucking mouth Lamprey, hagfish
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
Possess jaws and teeth
Reduced notochord exists as segments between cartilaginous vertebrae
Shark
Osteichthyes
Bony fish Have scales Lack notochord Cartilage replaced by bony skeleton Sturgeon, trout, tuna
Amphibian
Larval stages found in water; possess gills and tail with no legs
Adult stage on land, have lungs, two pairs of legs, no tail, 3-chambered heart, no scales
External fertilization
Frog, salamander, toad, newt
Reptilian
Terrestrial
Have lungs, scales, 3-chambered heart, lay leathery eggs, internal fertilization
Cold-blooded
Turtle, lizard, snake, crocodile
Aves
Birds
Possess 4-chambered hearts
Warm-blooded
Eggs surrounded by shells
Mammalia
Warm-blooded
Feed offspring with mild produced via mammary glands
Monotremata
lay leathery eggs
Horny bills
Produce milk via mammary gland with numerous openings but no nipples
Marsupials
Infraclass of punched mammals Embryo begins development in the uterus and completes while attached to nipples in the abdominal pouch
Placentalia
Embryos develop fully in the uterus
Placenta attaches the embyro to the uterine wall and provides exchange of food, oxygen and waste
Viruses
Do not carry out physiological or biochemical processes outside a host
Take over the host’s cellular machinery and direct replication of viral genome and protein coat
Lytic and lysogenic life cycles
Contain DNA or RNA and some essential enzymes surrounded by a protein coat
