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Biology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reaction that occur in the body

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2
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Break down large chemicals and release energy

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3
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Build up large chemicals and required energy

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

The acquisition and consumption of food and other raw materials

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5
Q

Digestion

A

The process of converting food into a usable soluble form to pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body

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6
Q

Absorption

A

The passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body proper by diffusion or active transport

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7
Q

Transport

A

The circulation of esstianal compounds required to nourish the tissues and the removal of waste products from the tissues

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

The building up of new tissues from digested food materials

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9
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of waste products produced during metabolic processes

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10
Q

Synthesis

A

The creation of complex molecules from simple ones

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11
Q

Regulation

A

The control of physiological activities to maintain the body’s internal environment

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

The steady state of the internal environment

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13
Q

Irritability

A

The ability to respond to a stimulus

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14
Q

Growth

A

An increase in size caused by cell division and synthesis of new materials

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15
Q

Reproduction

A

The generation of additional individuals of a species

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16
Q

Respiration

A

The conversion of the chemical energy in molecular bonds into the usable energy needed to drive the process of living cells

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17
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

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18
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

Removal of high-energy hydrogen atoms from organic molecules

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19
Q

Glycolysis

A

Series of reactions that leads to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, ATP, and reduction of NAD+ into NADH
In the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Glycolytic pathway

A
  1. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase
  2. To fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase
  3. To fructose 1,6-biphosphate by phosphofructokinase
  4. To glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate by aldolase
    Dihydroxyacetone by triose phosphate isomerase
  5. To 1,3-diphosphoglycerate by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  6. To 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase
  7. To 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase
  8. To phosphoenolpyruvate by enolase
  9. To pyruvate by pyruvate kinase
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21
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Formation of ATP by direct conversion of a higher energy substrate into lower energy product

22
Q

Fermentation

A

Reactions involved in reducing pyruvate into ethanol or lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

23
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase

24
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvic acid to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase

25
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Aerobic process
Occurs in the mitochondria
Yield 36-38 ATP
3 stages: pyruvate decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

26
Q

Pyruvate decaroxylation

A

Pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix
Decarboxylated
Acetyl group transferred to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
NAD+ reduced to NADH

27
Q

Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle

A

2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form 6-carbon citrate
2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FAHD2 and 1 GTP generated per cycle

28
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Inside of inner mitochondria membrane
High-energy potential electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a series of carrier molecules that pump H+ into the intermembrane space creating a concentration gradient

29
Q

Cytochromes

A

Electron carriers that contain a central iron atom capable of undergoing a reversible redox reaction

30
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Respiratory enzymes continually create a concentration gradient. H+ passes through ATPase, releasing energy to convert ADP to ATP
Produce 36-38 ATP

31
Q

Fats energy

A

Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue
Hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acid and glycerol
Glycerol converted in PGAL
Activated in cytoplasm with 2 ATP, transported into the mitochondrion and go through series of beta-oxidation cycles converting into 2-carbon fragments which are converted in acetyl-CoA

32
Q

Transamination

A

Proteins lose amino group to form an a-keto acid

Converted to acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, or intermediates

33
Q

Oxidative deamination

A

Removes ammonia molecules directly from an amino acid

34
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Coverts CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen

In chloroplast

35
Q

Light reactions

A

Photolysis reactions
Absorption of a photon by a chlorophyll molecule
P700 molecule in photosystem I excites electrons to a higher energy level
Flow along the cyclic or noncyclic electron flow

36
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

Excited electron of P700 move along electron carriers
Series of redox reactions returns electrons to P700
Cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP

37
Q

Noncyclic electron flow

A

Photons excite electrons in P700 in photosystem I
Reduce NADP+ to NADHP
Photons excite electrons in P680 in photosystem II, travel down electron carrier chain and oxidize P700
Produces ATP by noncyclic photophosphorylation
Water split into 2 H+ and O- to reduce P680
Oxygen atoms combine to form O2

38
Q

Dark reactions

A

Carbon-fixation or reduction synthesis reactions

Uses ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates

39
Q

Calvin cycle

A

CO2 fixed to ribulose bisphosphate
Splits into 2 molecules of phosphoglyceric acid
Phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH to give glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL)
2 PGALS convert to glucose
Cycle takes place 3 times

40
Q

Enzymes

A

Decrease reaction activation energy
Do not alter equilibrium constant
Are pH and temperature sensitive
Very selective

41
Q

Substrate

A

The molecule which an enzyme acts upon

42
Q

Active site

A

The area on the enzyme which the substrate binds

43
Q

Lock and Key theory

A

The spatial recognition structure of an enzyme’s active site is exactly complementary to the specific substrate

44
Q

Induced Fit theory

A

The active site has flexibility of shape
When the appropriate substrate comes in contact with the active site, the conformation of the site changes to fit the substrate

45
Q

Enzyme specificity

A

Temperature - as temp increases, rate increases until an optimum temp is reached beyond which heat alters the shape of the active site and deactivates it
pH
Concentration - increasing substrate concentration increases rate until all active sites are occupied (max velocity Vmax)

46
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Molecules similar to the substrate that bind to the active site of the enzyme, competing with the substrate and interfere with enzyme activity

47
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

A substance that forms strong covalent bonds with an enzyme at, near or fear from the active site, making it unable to bind with its substrate
Irreversible

48
Q

Allosteric site

A

An area on the enzyme that is not the active site

49
Q

Cofactor

A

Nonprotein molecules (metal cations or coenzymes) that incorporate with enzymes to become active

50
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Cofactors that bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds

Biology (17 decks)

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