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Biology > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Embryology

A

The study of the development of a unicellular zygote into a multicellular organism

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2
Q

Cleavage

A

A series of rapid mitotic divisions
Increase cell number without corresponding growth in cell protoplasm
Increase SA:ratio, improving gas and nutrient exchange

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3
Q

Morula

A

A solid ball of embryonic cells

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4
Q

Blastulation

A

Begins when the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) which becomes a hallow sphere (blastula)

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5
Q

Blastula

A

A hallow sphere of cells

Stage of implantation

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6
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

The embryo implants outside the uterus

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7
Q

Gastrulation

A

After 2 weeks the embryo is fully implanted in the uterus and transforms from a single cell layer blastula into a gastrula

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8
Q

Gastrula

A

A 3-layered structure

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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9
Q

Ectoderm

A

Integumentary system (epidermis, hair, nails, epithelium of the nose, mouth and anal canal), lens of the eye, retina, nervous system

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10
Q

Endoderm

A

Epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts (lung) and parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining

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11
Q

Mesoderm

A

Musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissue, portions of digestive and respiratory organs

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12
Q

Neurulation

A

Regions of the germ layers begin to develop into a rudimentary nervous system before week 3

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13
Q

Notochord

A

Rod of mesodermal cells that develops along the longitudinal axis of the embryo just under the dorsal layer of ectoderm
Inductive effect on the ectoderm causing it to bend inward and form a groove along the dorsal surface
Neural dorsal ectoderm folds on either side of the groove and fuse, forming a closed tube which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord
Once formed, it detached from the surface ectoderm

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14
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Cells at the tip of each neural fold of the notochord
Migrate laterally
Give rise to components of the peripheral nervous system (sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, Schwann cells)

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15
Q

Organogenesis

A

The body organs begin to form

The cells interact, differentiate, change physical shape, proliferate, and migrate

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16
Q

Growth

A

The organs increase in size. The continual process from infancy through childhood to adulthood

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17
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Eggs and sperm develop which permits reproduction to occur

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18
Q

Developmental Processes

A
  1. Fertilized egg
  2. 2-cell stage
  3. Morula
  4. Blastula
  5. Gastrula
  6. Neurulation
  7. Organogenesis
  8. Growth
  9. Gametogenesis
19
Q

Placenta/Umbilical cord

A

A specialized circulatory system that supplies oxygen and nutrients, and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes

20
Q

Amnion

A

A thin, tough membrane containing amniotic fluid

21
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Acts as a shock absorber of external pressure during gestation and localized pressure from uterine contractions during labour

22
Q

Chorion

A

Begins placental formation
A membrane that completely surrounds the amnion
Assists with the transfer of nutrients

23
Q

Allantois

A

Develops as an outpocketing of the gut

Blood vessels of the allantoic wall enlarge and become the umbilical vessels

24
Q

Yolk Sac

A

The site of early development of blood vessels

Becomes associated with the umbilical vessels

25
Q

First Trimester

A

Major organs begin to develop
Heart beats at ~22 days
Eyes, gonads, limbs, and liver start to form
5th week - 10 mm
6th week - 15 mm
7th week - cartilaginous skeleton beings to turn into bone
8th week - most organs formed, brain fairly developed
3rd month - 9 cm

26
Q

Second Trimester

A

Tremendous amount of growing & moving

6 months - 30-36 cm

27
Q

Third Trimester

A

Continued rapid growth and further brain development
9th month - antibodies are transported by highly selective active transport from mother to fetus. Growth rate slows & fetus becomes less active

28
Q

Labour

A

A series of strong uterine contractions

3 stages

29
Q

1st Stage of Labour

A

Cervix thins and dilates
Amniotic sac ruptures
Relatively mild contractions

30
Q

2nd Stage of Labour

A

Rapid contractions that result in the birth of the baby

31
Q

3rd Stage of Labour

A

Uterus contracts expelling the placenta and umbilical cord

32
Q

Congenital disorders

A

Errors occur during fetal development often because of deleterious genes or problems with the gestation environment

33
Q

Teratogens

A

Chemical and biological agents that cause congenital disorders

34
Q

Vertical transmission

A

When a mother passes on an infection directly to her developing offspring

35
Q

Epicotyl

A

Precursor of the upper stem and leaves

36
Q

Cotyledons

A

Seed leaves
Dicots have 2 seed leaves
Monocots have 1

37
Q

Hypocotyl

A

The lower stem and root

38
Q

Endosperm

A

Feeds the embryo

In dicots, the cotyledon absorbs the endosperm

39
Q

Seed coat

A

Develops from the outer covering of the ovule

Embryo and its seed coat together comprise the seed

40
Q

Seed dispersal

A

Fruit is formed from the ovary walls, the base of the flower, and other consolidated flower pistil components
Enables the seed to be carried more frequently or effectively by air, water, or animals
Seed is released from the ovary and will germinate under proper conditions of temperature, moisture, and oxygen

41
Q

Meristem cells

A

Growth in higher plants is restricted to the embryonic cells

These tissues undergo active cell reproduction

42
Q

Apical meristem

A

Found in the tips of roots and stems

Growth in length occurs only at these points

43
Q

Lateral meristem (Cambium)

A

Located between the xylem and phloem
Tissue permits growth in diameter and can differentiate into new xylem and phloem cells
Not an active tissue in monocots or herbaceous dicots but is predominant in woody dicots

Biology (17 decks)

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