Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made of cells
The cell is the basic functional unit of life
The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell
Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Cels carry genetic info in the form of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organelles

A

Components of the cell that are specialized in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kingdoms

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prokaryote

A

Before nucleus

Lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Cell membrane consists of a selectivity permeable phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward toward each other
Hydrophilic phosphorous-containing heads face outward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Assist charged ions and larger charged molecules across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell

Contains DNA wound around histone proteins to form chromosomes (gene regulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nucleolus

A

A dense structure in the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell
Smooth and rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Smooth ER

A

Does not contain ribosomes

Involved with metabolism and production of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains ribosomes

Produces proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Receives vesicles from the smooth ER and modifies them, repackages them into vesicles, and distributes them to the cell surface for exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site for aerobic respiration to create energy

Composed of an outer and inner phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cytosol and organelles of the cell where most activity occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytosol

A

The cellular fluid contained within the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cyclosis

A

Streaming circular movement within the cell to transport molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Centrioles

A

Composed of microtubules

Involved in spindle organization during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Centrosome

A

Organize microtubules and helps regulate progression of the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Autolysis

A

An injured/dying cell may self-destruct by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports the cell, maintains shape, and aids in motility

Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow rods made of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell to provide support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Microfilaments

A

Solid rods of actin

Important for cell movement and support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Osmosis

A

Simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

28
Q

Hypertonic

A

The cytoplasm has lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium
Water flows out of the cell (plasmolysis)

29
Q

Hypotonic

A

The cytoplasm has more solute concentration than the extracellular medium
Water flows into the cell and burst (lyse)

30
Q

Isotonic

A

The extracellular environment has the same solute concentrations as the cytoplasm

31
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Net movement of particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane
Does not require energy

32
Q

Active transport

A

Net movement of particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins
Requires energy

33
Q

Symporters

A

Move 2 or more ions/molecules in the same direction across the membrane

34
Q

Antiporters

A

Exchange 1 or more ions/molecules for another across the membrane

35
Q

Pumps

A

Energy-dependent carriers requires ATP

36
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle containing extracellular medium

37
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The ingestion of fluids or small particles

38
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The engulfing of large particle

39
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents outside

40
Q

Brownian movement

A

Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

41
Q

Cell division

A

The process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and divides in 2

42
Q

Interphase

A

A period of growth and chromosome replication
90% of time
Normal functions and chromosome replication
G1, S, G2

43
Q

Sister chromatids

A

A replicated chromosome held together at a centromere

44
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncoiled DNA

45
Q

G1 phase

A

Initiates interphase
Active growth phase cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins
Determines length of the entire cell cycle

46
Q

S phase

A

Period of DNA synthesis

47
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell prepares to divide

Grows and synthesizes proteins

48
Q

M phase

A

Mitosis or meiosis occurs

49
Q

Mitosis

A

Division and distribution of cell’s DNA to 2 daughter cells in somatic cells with diploid number (2N)

50
Q

Karyokinesis

A

Nuclear division

51
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Centriole pairs separate and move to opposite poles as spindle apparatus forms
Nuclear membrane dissolves

52
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle apparatus fibers attach to chromatid at kinetochores

Align chromosomes at the equator forming the metaphase plate

53
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split

Sister chromatids pulled toward opposite poles by shortening of the spindle fibers (microtubules)

54
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle apparatus disappears

Nuclear membrane forms

55
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm division

56
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

In animal cells

Cell membrane indents along the equator pinching through the cell and separating the 2 nuclei

57
Q

Cell plate

A

In plant cells

Forms between 2 nuclei splitting the plant cell in half

58
Q

Meiosis

A

Sex cell production

2 divisions of primary sex cells resulting in 4 haploid (1N) gametes

59
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromatin condenses
Spindle apparatus forms
Nuclear membrane disappear
Homologous chromosomes form synapsis

60
Q

Synapsis

A

Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine

61
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that code for the same traits

One inherited from each parent

62
Q

Tetrad

A

A synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes containing 4 chromatids

63
Q

Crossing over

A

Chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA
Increases genetic diversity

64
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the equatorial plane and attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore

65
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of the cell = disjunction
Each daughter cell has a unique pool of genes from a random mixture of maternal and paternal origin

66
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When cells do not separate appropriately during meiosis resulting in daughter cells with incorrect number of chromosomes

67
Q

Telophase I

A

Nuclear membrane forms

Each chromosome consists of sister chromatids joined at the centromere

Biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions