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Biology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made of cells
The cell is the basic functional unit of life
The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell
Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Cels carry genetic info in the form of DNA

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2
Q

Organelles

A

Components of the cell that are specialized in structure and function

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3
Q

Kingdoms

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

Before nucleus

Lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles

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5
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Cell membrane consists of a selectivity permeable phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward toward each other
Hydrophilic phosphorous-containing heads face outward

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6
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Assist charged ions and larger charged molecules across the membrane

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell

Contains DNA wound around histone proteins to form chromosomes (gene regulation)

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

A dense structure in the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs

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9
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein production

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10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell
Smooth and rough

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11
Q

Smooth ER

A

Does not contain ribosomes

Involved with metabolism and production of lipids

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12
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains ribosomes

Produces proteins

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Receives vesicles from the smooth ER and modifies them, repackages them into vesicles, and distributes them to the cell surface for exocytosis

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site for aerobic respiration to create energy

Composed of an outer and inner phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cytosol and organelles of the cell where most activity occurs

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

The cellular fluid contained within the cell membrane

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17
Q

Cyclosis

A

Streaming circular movement within the cell to transport molecules

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18
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested

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19
Q

Centrioles

A

Composed of microtubules

Involved in spindle organization during cell division

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20
Q

Centrosome

A

Organize microtubules and helps regulate progression of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

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22
Q

Autolysis

A

An injured/dying cell may self-destruct by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing hydrolytic enzymes

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports the cell, maintains shape, and aids in motility

Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

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24
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow rods made of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell to provide support

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25
Microfilaments
Solid rods of actin | Important for cell movement and support
26
Simple diffusion
The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients
27
Osmosis
Simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
28
Hypertonic
The cytoplasm has lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium Water flows out of the cell (plasmolysis)
29
Hypotonic
The cytoplasm has more solute concentration than the extracellular medium Water flows into the cell and burst (lyse)
30
Isotonic
The extracellular environment has the same solute concentrations as the cytoplasm
31
Facilitated diffusion
Net movement of particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane Does not require energy
32
Active transport
Net movement of particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins Requires energy
33
Symporters
Move 2 or more ions/molecules in the same direction across the membrane
34
Antiporters
Exchange 1 or more ions/molecules for another across the membrane
35
Pumps
Energy-dependent carriers requires ATP
36
Endocytosis
The cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle containing extracellular medium
37
Pinocytosis
The ingestion of fluids or small particles
38
Phagocytosis
The engulfing of large particle
39
Exocytosis
A vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents outside
40
Brownian movement
Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
41
Cell division
The process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and divides in 2
42
Interphase
A period of growth and chromosome replication 90% of time Normal functions and chromosome replication G1, S, G2
43
Sister chromatids
A replicated chromosome held together at a centromere
44
Chromatin
Uncoiled DNA
45
G1 phase
Initiates interphase Active growth phase cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins Determines length of the entire cell cycle
46
S phase
Period of DNA synthesis
47
G2 phase
Cell prepares to divide | Grows and synthesizes proteins
48
M phase
Mitosis or meiosis occurs
49
Mitosis
Division and distribution of cell's DNA to 2 daughter cells in somatic cells with diploid number (2N)
50
Karyokinesis
Nuclear division
51
Prophase
Chromosomes condense Centriole pairs separate and move to opposite poles as spindle apparatus forms Nuclear membrane dissolves
52
Metaphase
Spindle apparatus fibers attach to chromatid at kinetochores | Align chromosomes at the equator forming the metaphase plate
53
Anaphase
Centromeres split | Sister chromatids pulled toward opposite poles by shortening of the spindle fibers (microtubules)
54
Telophase
Spindle apparatus disappears | Nuclear membrane forms
55
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm division
56
Cleavage furrow
In animal cells | Cell membrane indents along the equator pinching through the cell and separating the 2 nuclei
57
Cell plate
In plant cells | Forms between 2 nuclei splitting the plant cell in half
58
Meiosis
Sex cell production | 2 divisions of primary sex cells resulting in 4 haploid (1N) gametes
59
Prophase I
Chromatin condenses Spindle apparatus forms Nuclear membrane disappear Homologous chromosomes form synapsis
60
Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine
61
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that code for the same traits | One inherited from each parent
62
Tetrad
A synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes containing 4 chromatids
63
Crossing over
Chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA Increases genetic diversity
64
Metaphase I
Homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the equatorial plane and attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore
65
Anaphase I
Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of the cell = disjunction Each daughter cell has a unique pool of genes from a random mixture of maternal and paternal origin
66
Nondisjunction
When cells do not separate appropriately during meiosis resulting in daughter cells with incorrect number of chromosomes
67
Telophase I
Nuclear membrane forms | Each chromosome consists of sister chromatids joined at the centromere

Biology (17 decks)

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