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Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous system

A

Responsible for controlling most body functions, receive and respond to external and internal environmental stimuli
Central and peripheral

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Functional units of the nervous system
Convert stimuli into electrochemical signals and conduct them through the body
Elongated cell consisting of dendrites, cell body, and axon

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Cytoplasmic extensions that receive info and transmit it toward the cell body

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Soma

Contains the nucleus and controls the metabolic activity of the neuron

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5
Q

Axon

A

Long cellular process that transmits action potentials

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6
Q

Myelin

A

Insulating substance preventing leakage of signal from the axons
Increases conduction velocity

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7
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between segments of myelin

Where action potential propagates through saltatory conduction

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8
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells that myelinate CNS axons

Provide structural framework for the CNS

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9
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between the axon terminal of one cell and dendrites of the next cell

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10
Q

CNS cells

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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11
Q

PNS cells

A

Satellite cells, Schwann cells

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier
Regulate nutrient and dissolved gas concentrations
Absorb and recycle neurotransmittes

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13
Q

Microglia

A

Remove cellular debris and pathogens

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14
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the brain ventricles and aid in the production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebral spinal fluid

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15
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

Enclose the axons in the PNS

Aid in myelination of some peripheral axons

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17
Q

Resting potential

A

The potential difference at rest between the extracellular and intracellular space due to unequal distribution of ions
-70 mV
Due to Na+/K+ pump and facilitated diffusion of K+ out of the cell

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18
Q

Depolarization

A

The inside of the cell becomes more positive

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19
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

Active transport
Pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ in
Results in negative internal environment

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20
Q

Action potential

A
  1. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open in response to depolarization to threshold potential (-55 mV)
  2. Na+ rush down electrochemical gradient into the cell. Further depolarization
  3. Causes next portion of axon to depolarize. Continues along the axon
  4. At synaptic terminal, voltage-gated Ca2+ channel opens, Ca2+ rushes in and triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
  5. Repolarization. High voltage causes voltage-gated K+ channels to open, rushing out of the cell. Na+ channels close. Cell returns to negative potential
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21
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Neuron’s voltage shoots past resting potential and becomes more negative due to K+ channels being open

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22
Q

Refractory period

A

After an action potential during which new action potentials are very difficult to initiate due to hyperpolarization
Ensure forward movement

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23
Q

All-or-none response

A

If and only if the threshold membrane potential is reached, an action potential with a consistent size and duration is produced
Intensity is coded by the frequency of action potentials not magnitude

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24
Q

Effector cells

A

Postsynaptic cells other than neurons than neurons communicate with

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25
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers that diffuse across the synapse and act on receptor proteins embedded in the postsynaptic membrane leading to depolarization and firing of an action potential
Removed by reuptake, degradation or diffusion

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26
Q

Afferent neuron

A

Carry sensory info about the external or internal environment to the brain or spinal cord

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27
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Carry motor commands from the brain or spinal cord

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28
Q

Interneuron

A

Participate only in local circuits

Link sensory and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

Plexus

A

A network of nerve fibers

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30
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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31
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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32
Q

Brain

A

Mass of neurons

Interpret sensory info, form motor plans, and cognitive function

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33
Q

Grey matter

A

Outter portion of cell bodies

34
Q

White matter

A

Inner portion of myelinated axons

35
Q

Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

Consists of the telencephalon and diencephalon

36
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Highly convoluted grey matter
Processes and integrates sensory input and motor responses
Important for memory and creative thought

37
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Center for reception and integration of olfactory input

38
Q

Diencephalon

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

39
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay and integration center for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls visceral functions such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood pressure, and temperature regulation
Control endocrine system

41
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon
Relay center for visual and auditory impulses
Role in motor control

42
Q

Hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

Consists of the cerebellum, pons and medulla

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

Modulate motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex

Maintain balance, hand-eye coordination, and timing of rapid movement

44
Q

Pons

A

Relay center to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

45
Q

Medulla

A

Controls many vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity

46
Q

Brainstem

A

The midbrain, pons, and medulla

47
Q

Spinal cord

A

Elongated extension of the brain
Conduit sensory info to the brain and motor info from the brain
Integrate simple motor response (reflexes)
Sensory info enters through the dorsal horn
Motor info exists through the central horn

48
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Consist of nerves and ganglia

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

49
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Innervates skeletal muscles

Responsible for voluntary movement and reflex arcs

50
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates the body’s internal environment without the aid of conscious control
Innervates cardiac and smooth muscle
Blood pressure control, gastrointestinal motility, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
Subdivisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

51
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Flight or fight responses
Increases blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow to skeletal muscles
Decreases gut motility
Dilates bronchioles to increase gas exchange
Norepinephrine

52
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest
Conserve energy and restore body to resting activity
Lower heart rate
Increase gut motility
Vagus nerve innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera
Acetylcholine

53
Q

Eye

A

Detects light energy (photons) and transmits info about intensity, colour, and shape

54
Q

Sclera

A

Thick, opaque layer covering the eyeball

55
Q

Choroid

A

Dark, pigmented area that reduces reflection in the eye

Supply retina with blood

56
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer

Contains photoreceptors that sense light

57
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent layer at the front of the eye that bends and focuses light rays

58
Q

Pupil

A

Light rays travel through

Diameter controlled by iris

59
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented muscles
Respond to the intensity of light
Light = Constriction

60
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Control the shape and focal length of the lens

61
Q

Lens

A

Focuses the image onto the retina

62
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Transduce light into action potentials

Synapse onto bipolar cells which synpase onto ganglion cells whose axons bundle to form the optic nerve

63
Q

Cones

A

Respond to high-intensity illumination
Sensitive to colour
3 pigments that absorb red, green and blue

64
Q

Rods

A

Detect low-intensity illumination
Important in night vision
Rhodopsin pigment absorbs a single wavelength

65
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve exits the eye

No photoreceptors present

66
Q

Optic nerve

A

Conduct visual info to the brain

Bundle of axons of the ganglion cells

67
Q

Fovea

A

Small area above the blind spot densely packed with cones

Important for high-acuity vision

68
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Jelly-like material in the eye

Maintains shape and optical properties

69
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Watery substance between the lens and cornea

70
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

The image is focused in front of the retina

71
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

The image is focused behind the retina

72
Q

Astigmatism

A

An irregularly shaped cornea

73
Q

Cataracts

A

Develop when the lens becomes opaque

Light cannot enter the eye and results in blindness

74
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased pressure in the eye because of blocking the outflow of aqueous humor
Results in optic nerve damage

75
Q

Ear

A

Transduces sound energy into impulses perceived by the brain as sound
Outer, middle and inner

76
Q

Outer ear

A

The auricle (external ear) and auditory canal

77
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

Vibrates at the same frequency as incoming sound

78
Q

Ossicles

A

3 bones
Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
Amplify the stimulus and transmit it through the oval window leading to the inner ear

79
Q

Middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane and ossicles

80
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea and vestibular apparatus

81
Q

Cochlea

A

Vibration of the ossicles exerts pressure on the fluid, simulating hair cells in the basilar membrane to transduce the pressure into action potentials, which travel via the auditory (cochlear) nerve to the brain

Biology (17 decks)

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