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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

The change in the genetic makeup of a population with time

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2
Q

Lamarckian evolution

A

The amount of change in an organ arose because of the needs of the organism based on use or disuse
Any useful characteristic acquired in one generation was thought to be transmitted to the next

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3
Q

Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A

Pressures in the environment select for the organism most fit to survive and reproduce

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4
Q

Fitness

A

The ability to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

Agents for evolutionary change

A
  1. Overpopulation
  2. Variations
  3. Competition
  4. Natural selection
  5. Inheritance of the variations
  6. Evolution of new species
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6
Q

Speciation

A

The evolution of new species

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7
Q

Species

A

Groups of individuals that can interbreed freely with each other but not with members of other species

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8
Q

Factors leading to speciation

A
  1. Genetic variation
  2. Changes in the environment
  3. Migration to new environments
  4. Adaptations to new environments
  5. Natural selection
  6. Genetic drift
  7. Isolation
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9
Q

Demes

A

Small, local populations within a species

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationships among species alive today

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11
Q

Convergent evolution

A

When two species from different ancestors develop similar traits when exposed to similar environments

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12
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar traits, starting from a similar ancestral condition.

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13
Q

Divergent evolution

A

When species with a shared ancestor develop differing traits due to dissimilarities between their environments

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14
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species due to adaptions in different niches

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15
Q

Population

A

All members of a particular species inhabiting a given location

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16
Q

Gene pool

A

The sum total of all the alleles for any given trait in the population

17
Q

Gene frequency

A

The decimal fraction representing the presence of an allele for all members of a population that have this particular gene

18
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

When the gene frequencies of a population are not change, the gene pool is stable and the population is not evolving

  1. The population is very large
  2. No mutations affect the gene pool
  3. Mating between individuals in the population is random
  4. There is no net migration of individuals into or out of the population
  5. The genes in the population are all equally successful at reproducing
19
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

20
Q

Agents of microevolutionary change

A
  1. Natural selection - frequency of favourable genes increases
  2. Mutation - introduces additional alleles
  3. Assortive mating - mates selected according to sexual selection
  4. Genetic drift - changes in composition of gene pool due to chance
  5. Gene flow - migration will increase or decrease genes
21
Q

Founder effect

A

Genetic drift tends to be more pronounced in small populations or new populations

22
Q

Fossils

A

The preserved remains of an organism

23
Q

Petrification

A

The process by which minerals replace the cells of an organism

24
Q

Imprints

A

Impressions left by an organism

25
Q

Molds

A

Form hollow spaces in rocks as the organisms within decay

26
Q

Casts

A

Formed by minerals deposited in molds

27
Q

Homologous structures

A

Have the same basic anatomical features and evolutionary origins
Functions may not be similar

28
Q

Analogous structures

A

Have similar functions but different evolutionary origins and patterns of development

29
Q

Comparative embryology

A

The stages of development of the embyro resemble the stages in an organism’s evolutionary history
The earlier the stage of divergence, the more dissimilar the adult organisms will be

30
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structures that have no known current function but had some ancestral function

31
Q

Heterotroph hypothesis

A

The first forms of life lacked the ability to synthesize their own nutrients and required preformed molecules of simple organic molecules

32
Q

Primordial soup

A

Simple organic molecules (sugars, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines)
Eventually combined to form macromolecules

33
Q

Primitive cells

A

Colloidal protein molecules clump together to form coacervate droplets that absorb and incorporate substances from the surrounding environment
Possess a definite internal structure

34
Q

Coacervate droplets

A

Cluster of colloidal molecules surrounded by a shell of water

35
Q

Development of autotrophs

A

Primitive heterotrophs slowly evolved complex biochemical pathways and anaerobic respiratory processes to convert nutrients into energy
Developed primitive photosynthetic pathways to capture solar energy and synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and water

36
Q

Development of aerobic respiration

A

Primitive autotrophs fixed CO2 during the synthesis of carbohydrates and released molecular O2 as a waste product turning the atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing

37
Q

Categories of living organisms

A
  1. Autotrophic anaerobes
  2. Autotrophic aerobes
  3. Heterotrophic anaerobes
  4. Heterotrophic aerobes

Biology (17 decks)

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