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Biology > DNA and RNA > Flashcards

DNA and RNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs, is transcribed into RNS, which is translated into a protein

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

A deoxyribose bonded to a phosphate group and nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Purine

A

Adenine and guanine

2-ring base

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4
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and thymine

1-ring base

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5
Q

Watson-Crick DNA model

A

Double-stranded helices of complementary strands with the sugar-phosphate chains on the backbone and nitrogenous bases on the inside forming hydrogen bonds in an antiparallel arrangement

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6
Q

Base-pairing

A 
T-A = 2 H bonds
C-G = 3 H bonds
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7
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Unwind and separate DNA helix into 2 single strands

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8
Q

DNA helicase

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

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9
Q

Replication fork

A

The opening in the double-stranded DNA

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10
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Each new daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand

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11
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Reads the parent DNA strand (3’ to 5’) and creates a complementary, antiparallel daughter strand (5’ to 3’)

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12
Q

Leading strand

A

Continually synthesized

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13
Q

Lagging strand

A

Synthesized discontinuously because the 5’ end of the parent strand is the one exposed

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14
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short fragments of replicated DNA that result from discontinuous synthesis

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15
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki framents

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16
Q

Codons

A

Transcribed mRNA arranged into triplets

Translated into amino acids

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17
Q

Redundancy

A

Amino acids have more than one codon coding for them

64 different codons possible for the triplet code but only 20 amino acids

18
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose sugar
A, T, G, C
Double-stranded

19
Q

RNA

A

Ribose sugar
A, U, G, C
Single-stranded

20
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Complement of DNA sequence
Transports from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Monocistronic: 1 mRNA = 1 polypeptide

21
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

In the cytoplasm

Recognizes the mRNA codon and brings in the corresponding amino acid

22
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

Active site that binds the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA
Catalyze attachment to form an aminoacyl-tRNA complex

23
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Structural component of ribosomes

mRNA passes through 2 subunits of rRNA and is translated

24
Q

Anticodon

A

Complementary to mRNA codons

25
Q

Transcription

A

The process through which info coded in the base sequence of DNA is used to direct the synthesis of a strand of mRNA

26
Q

Promoter region

A

Short DNA sequence found upstream from the transcription site
TATA box

27
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Bind to DNA and initiates transcription

Recruits and adds complementary RNA nucleotides based on the DNA sequence

28
Q

Hetero-nuclear RNA (pre-RNA)

A

Contains extra nucleotides not necessary to create the corresponding protein

29
Q

Introns

A

Extra mRNA sequence not necessary to create a protein

30
Q

Exons

A

Nucleotides necessary to make a protein

31
Q

Spliceosome

A

Splice out introns

32
Q

Post-transcriptional processing

A

Splicing
Guanine cap
Poly-A tail

33
Q

Translation

A

The process through which mRNA codons are translated into a sequence of amino acids

34
Q

Initiation

A

The ribosome binds to the mRNA near its 5’ end, scans until it binds a start codon (AUG)
Initiator aminoacyl-tRNA complex (methionine-tRNA) base pairs with the start codon

35
Q

Elongation

A

Hydrogen bonds form between mRNA codon in the A site

Peptide bond formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and P site

36
Q

Translocation

A

Ribosome advances 3 nucleotides
Uncharged tRNA from the P site is expelled
Peptidyl-tRNA from the A site moves into the P site

37
Q

Termination

A 
Stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) arrives in the A site
Signal ribosome to terminate translation
38
Q

Polyribosome

A

Numerous ribosomes simultaneously translating a single mRNA

39
Q

A site

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA complex binding site

Binds the incoming tRNA

40
Q

P site

A

Peptidyl-tRNA binding site

When tRNA contributes its amino acid to the growing peptide chain

41
Q

E site

A

Exit site

Releases tRNA

Biology (17 decks)

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