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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Digestion

A

The degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used directly by cells

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2
Q

Oral cavity

A

The mouth where mechanical and chemical digestion begins

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3
Q

Mechanical disgestion

A

Breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles through physical actions or churning motion of the stomach

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4
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into smaller molecules

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5
Q

Saliva

A

Lubricates food to facilitate swallowing
Provides solvent for food
Contains amylase (ptyalin) which hydrolyzes starch to maltose

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6
Q

Bolus

A

Food that has been moistened and chew enough to be swallowed

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7
Q

Esophagus

A

The muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary muscular contractions that move food down the esophagus

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9
Q

Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

A

Muscular structure that contracts to close off the esophagus from the stomach

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10
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux

A

The positive pressure of the abdominal cavity favours continual reflux of gastric materials into the negatively pressured esophagus
Reflux after spontaneous transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
Decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure

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11
Q

Stomach

A

A large, muscular organ located in the upper abdomen

Stores and partially digests food

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12
Q

Gastric mucosa

A

A mucous membrane lining the stomach walls
Contain gastric glands
Muscous cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from HCl

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13
Q

Chief cells

A

Within the gastric glands

Synthesize pepsinogen, with HCl converts to pepsin and breaks down proteins

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14
Q

Parietal cells

A

In gastric glands
Synthesize and release HCl
Kills bacteria
Release intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B12

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15
Q

Chyme

A

Acidic, semifluid mixture of partially digested food produced by the mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach

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16
Q

Duodenum

A

First segment of the small intestine

17
Q

Small intestine

A 
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Highly adapted to absorption
Extremely long (>6 meters) and highly coiled
18
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections extended out of the intestinal wall

Contain capillaries and lacteals

19
Q

Lipases

A

Digests fat

20
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

Digestion polypeptides

21
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Digest maltose, lactose, sucrose

22
Q

Gastrin

A

Produced in the G cells of the duodenum
Stimulate histamine and pepsinogen secretion
Increase gastric blood flow
Stimulate parietal cells to produce HCl

23
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Secreted by parietal cells

Facilitate absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining

24
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Produced and stored in the I cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa
Stimulate pancreatic enzyme and somatostatin secretion
Stimulate gallbladder contraction
Hunger suppressant

25
Q

Secretin

A

Synthesized and stored in S cells of the upper intestine
Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-containing substances from the pancreas
Inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid production

26
Q

Liver

A 
Produces bile 
Storages glycogen
Converts ammonia to urea
Protein synthesis
Detoxification
Cholesterol metabolism
27
Q

Bile

A

Produced in the liver
Stored in the gallbladder
Emulsifies fats from large globules into small droplets increasing surface area for pancreatic lipase

28
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces amylase, trypsin and lipase
Releases chymotrypsin and enterokinase. Enterokinase cleaves trypsinogen to trypsin. Trypsin cleaves and actives other zymogens
Secretes bicarbonate-rich juice to neutralize acidic chyme

29
Q

Zymogens

A

Enzyme precursors

30
Q

Large intestine

A

1.5 m long

Absorbs salts and water not already absorbed by the small intestine

31
Q

Rectum

A

Transient storage of feces before elimination through the anus

Biology (17 decks)

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