Integumentary and Immunological Systems

Question 1

Integement

Answer 1

The skin, hair and nails

Provide a physical barrier to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the body

Question 2

Skin microbiome

Answer 2

The microorganisms that live on the surface of human skin and make up the normal skin flora

Question 3

Skin

Answer 3

A nonspecific defence mechanism that protects against pathogenic invasion

Question 4

Sebaceous glands

Answer 4

Secrete oil to keep the skin pH relatively acidic (4-6) to decrease bacterial growth

Question 5

Sweat

Answer 5

Secreted by glands
Cool skin by evaporative cooling
Contains enzymes to destroy bacterial cell walls and pheromones for chemical communication

Question 6

Dermis

Answer 6

Contains the blood supply to the skin and most of the specialized cells

Question 7

Epidermis

Answer 7

Contains mainly keratinocytes, which differentiate into corneocytes

Question 8

Corneocytes

Answer 8

Protective, waterproof cells that do not undergo further replication and are routinely sloughed off and replaced

Question 9

Hair

Answer 9

Direct sweat and waste away from the skin
Help with evaporative cooling
Trap heat

Question 10

Nails

Answer 10

Protect the tips of the digits from physical injury

Used as tools

Question 11

Immune system

Answer 11

The destruction of internal pathogens

2 types: humoral and cell-mediated

Question 12

Humoral immunity

Answer 12

Antibody production to recognize pathogens previously encountered to mount a quicker immune response

Question 13

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 13

Cells that combat fungal and viral infections

Question 14

Inflammatory response

Answer 14

Activated white blood cells release histamines that dilate and increase the permeability of blood vessels to increase flow of white blood cells and other immune cells to affected areas

Question 15

Fever

Answer 15

Increases the ability to fight infection by killing temperature-dependent pathogens

Question 16

Lymph

Answer 16

Contains white blood cells

Flows through the lymphatic vessels between lymph nodes

Question 17

Lymph nodes

Answer 17

Reservoir of white blood cells and filter lymph, removing antigen-presenting cells and foreign matter
Active immune system

Question 18

Leukocytes

Answer 18

White blood cells

Question 19

Granulocytes

Answer 19

Attracted to site of injury
Phagocytize antigens and antigenic material
Basophil (1%), eosinophil (5), neutrophils (94%)

Question 20

Neutrophils

Answer 20

First responders to sites of inflammation & main component of pus 
Attracted to cytokines
Attrack additional white blood cells
Attack bacteria
Phagocytic

Question 21

Eosinophil

Answer 21

Responsible for immune responses (allergic and asthmatic)

Fight parasites

Question 22

Basophil

Answer 22

Mediate allergic response and parasite infections

Release histamine

Question 23

Monocytes

Answer 23

Large, long-lived immune cells

Macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 24

Macrophages

Answer 24

Phagocytize dead cells and pathogens
Secrete cytokines
Present antigens

Question 25

Dendritic cells

Answer 25

Present antigens
Activate immune system
Located where contact with the external environment is more common

Question 26

T lymphocytes

Answer 26

Each T cell is reactive to only one specific antigen

Precursor cells formed in the bone marrow, travel via the bloodstream to the thymus to mature, then released into lymph

Question 27

Major histocompatibility protein complex (MHC)

Answer 27

A large locus on DNA containing a set of closely linked polymorphic genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system
Antigen-presenting cells indicate the corresponding T-cell response

Question 28

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 28

CD8+ T cells
Recognize and respond to antigens presented by MHC I complexes
From cells infected with viruses or developing tumors
Destroy cells marked for destruction

Question 29

T helper cells

Answer 29

CD4+ T cells
Recognize and respond to antigens presented by MHC II complexes
Release cytokines to stimulate immune response, causing other white blood cells to mature and attack

Question 30

Natural killer T (NKT) cells

Answer 30

Destroy cells marked for destruction

Question 31

Memory T cells

Answer 31

Remain after infection so a response can be mounted more quickly if infected by a specific antigen again

Question 32

Regulatory/Suppressor T cells

Answer 32

Tone down T cell response to self cells or following an infection

Question 33

B lymphocytes

Answer 33

Create and express antibodies (immunoglobulins) that have high affinity for the antigen expressed by the stimulating T lymphocyte
Develop in the bone marrow

Question 34

Antiboides

Answer 34

Secreted by B cells
Provide specific, targeted responses to a given antigen
Y shape, antigen-binding site at top, cell-receptor-binding region at bottom, light chain and heavy chain held by disulfide bonds

Question 35

Active immunity

Answer 35

Occurs as a result of an immune response due to exposure to a pathogen or antigen that are stored in “nonself” memory

Question 36

Passive immunity

Answer 36

Acquired by the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another

Question 37

Innate immunity

Answer 37

The body’s initial, generalized defences against pathogens

Anatomic features, physiologic response, phagocytic cells, inflammation

Question 38

Adaptive immunity

Answer 38

Cells capable of recognizing self versus nonself cells
Increased with each exposure
Lymphocytes (B and T cells), plasma cells, antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B cells)

Question 39

Immunocompromised

Answer 39

Immune system not functioning at full capacity