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Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Synthesize and secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete substances transported by ducts

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone in response to stress to produce steroid hormones (adrenocortical steroids/corticosteroids)

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4
Q

Transcortins

A

Transport proteins that bind corticosteroids

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5
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Produced by the adrenal cortex
Determine which genes are transcribed and at what rate
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones

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6
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol and cortisone
Raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis
Decrease protein synthesis
Antagonistic to insulin
Release amino acids from skeletal muscle and lipids from adipose tissue
Anti-inflammatory effects

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7
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone
Regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium, and the total extracellular fluid volume
Stimulated by angiotensin II
Inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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8
Q

Cortical sex hormones

A

Androgens (male sex hormones) like androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone

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9
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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10
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Amino acid-derived compounds

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11
Q

Epinephrine

A

Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose causing increase in blood glucose levels and increase in basal metabolic rate
Increase rate/strength of heart rate
Dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles, heart and brain
Constrict blood vessels to the kidneys, skin, and digestive tract
Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Increase rate/strength of heart rate
Dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles, heart and brain
Constrict blood vessels to the kidneys, skin, and digestive tract
Sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis
Small, trilobed gland at the base of the brain
Below the hypothalamus connected by the infundibulum

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Synthesizes direct and tropic hormones

Regulated by releasing/inhibiting hypothalamic hormones or factors

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15
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones

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16
Q

Direct hormones

A

Directly act on target organs

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17
Q

Tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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18
Q

Direct hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Causes maturation of ovarian follicles which secrete estrogen
Stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production

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20
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Stimulates ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum
Regulates progesterone secretion
Stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to synthesize testosterone

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21
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
Regulated by corticotropin-releasing factor

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22
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones

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23
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production

24
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that have pain-relieving properties

25
Q

Growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

Promotes bone and muscle growth, protein synthesis, and lipid mobilization and catabolism

26
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Secreted by intermediate lobe of the pituitary

Unclear function in humans. Darkens skin via induced dispersion of molecules of pigment in melanophore cells in frogs

27
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis
Stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

28
Q

Oxytocin

A

Secreted during childbirth. Increases strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions
Stimulates milk secretion

29
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin
Increases collecting duct permeability, promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume and pressure
Secreted when plasma osmolarity increases sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus or blood volume decreases sensed by baroreceptors in the circulatory system

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the forebrain, located directly above the pituitary gland
Receive neural transmissions that trigger specific responses from neurosecretory cells

31
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Regulate pituitary gland secretions viva negative feedback mechanisms and inhibiting/releasing hormones

32
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Children - growth and neurological development
Adults - metabolism
Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin
Formed from glycoprotein thyroglobulin when iodinated tyrosine residues bind together

33
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

5x less potent than T3
Transported by plasma proteins
Formed and secreted by the thyroid gland
Converted to T3 by 5’-monodeiodase

34
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

5x more potent than T4
Transported by plasma proteins
20% produced by the thyroid gland
Produced by conversion of T4 by 5’-monodeiodase in peripheral tissues

35
Q

Hypothyroidism

A 
Undersecreted thyroid hormones 
Slowed heart rate and respiratory rate
Fatigue
Cold intolerance
Weight gain
36
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A 
Oversecretion of thyroid hormones
Increased metabolic rate
Excessive warmth
Profuse sweating
Palpitations
Weigh loss
Protruding eyes
37
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting release of Ca2+ from bone
Regulated by plasma Ca2+ levels
Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

38
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine organ - cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via ducts
Endocrine organ - islets of Langerhans

39
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

Composed of alpha cells (produce/secrete glucagon) and beta cells (produce/secrete insulin)

40
Q

Glucagon

A

Stimulates protein and fat degradation, conversion of glycogen to glucose, and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels
Antagonistic to insulin

41
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted in response to high blood glucose
Stimulates uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells and storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver cells
Stimulates synthesis of fats from glucose and uptake of amino acids

42
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Underproduction of insulin or insensitivity to insulin

Hyperglycemia

43
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Presence of islet cell antibodies
Autoimmune
Decreased insulin secretion

44
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Resistance to insulin

Increased hepatic glucose production

45
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Regulates plasma Ca2+ concentrations by stimulating Ca2+ release from the bone and decreasing excretion by the kidneys

46
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

4 small, pea-shaped structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
Synthesize and secrete parathyroid hormone

47
Q

Renin

A

In response to decreased blood volume, enzyme that converts plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, then converted to angiotensin II which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

48
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Glycoprotein that stimulates red blood cell production
Stimulates stem cell differentiation into rubriblasts
Increases rate of mitosis
Increases release of reticulocytes from bone marrow
Increases hemoglobin (HgB) formation

49
Q

Gastrin

A

Carried to the gastric glands stimulating secretion of HCl in response to food in the stomach

50
Q

Secretin

A

Released by the small intestine when acidic chyme enters from the stomach
Stimulates secretion of alkaline bicarbonate from the pancreas

51
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats
Causes contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the small intestine

52
Q

Pineal gland

A

Tiny structure at the base of the brain that secretes melatonin

53
Q

Melatonin

A

Role in regulation of circadian rhythms

Lightens skin by concentrating pigment granules in melanophores in primitive vertebrates

54
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Act as first messengers

Bind specific receptors on target cells triggering a series of enzymatic reactions

55
Q

Cascade effect

A

Series of reactions in the cell which are amplified with each step

56
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid-derived molecules with characteristic ring structure
Cross cell membrane to bind specific receptor proteins in the cytoplasm
Receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus and directly activates expression of specific genes

Biology (17 decks)

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