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Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Synthesize and secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete substances transported by ducts

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone in response to stress to produce steroid hormones (adrenocortical steroids/corticosteroids)

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4
Q

Transcortins

A

Transport proteins that bind corticosteroids

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5
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Produced by the adrenal cortex
Determine which genes are transcribed and at what rate
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones

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6
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol and cortisone
Raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis
Decrease protein synthesis
Antagonistic to insulin
Release amino acids from skeletal muscle and lipids from adipose tissue
Anti-inflammatory effects

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7
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone
Regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium, and the total extracellular fluid volume
Stimulated by angiotensin II
Inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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8
Q

Cortical sex hormones

A

Androgens (male sex hormones) like androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone

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9
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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10
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Amino acid-derived compounds

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11
Q

Epinephrine

A

Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose causing increase in blood glucose levels and increase in basal metabolic rate
Increase rate/strength of heart rate
Dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles, heart and brain
Constrict blood vessels to the kidneys, skin, and digestive tract
Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Increase rate/strength of heart rate
Dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles, heart and brain
Constrict blood vessels to the kidneys, skin, and digestive tract
Sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis
Small, trilobed gland at the base of the brain
Below the hypothalamus connected by the infundibulum

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Synthesizes direct and tropic hormones

Regulated by releasing/inhibiting hypothalamic hormones or factors

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15
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones

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16
Q

Direct hormones

A

Directly act on target organs

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17
Q

Tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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18
Q

Direct hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Causes maturation of ovarian follicles which secrete estrogen
Stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production

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20
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Stimulates ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum
Regulates progesterone secretion
Stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to synthesize testosterone

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21
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
Regulated by corticotropin-releasing factor

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22
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones

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23
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production

24
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that have pain-relieving properties

25
Growth hormone
Somatotropin | Promotes bone and muscle growth, protein synthesis, and lipid mobilization and catabolism
26
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Secreted by intermediate lobe of the pituitary | Unclear function in humans. Darkens skin via induced dispersion of molecules of pigment in melanophore cells in frogs
27
Posterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis Stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
28
Oxytocin
Secreted during childbirth. Increases strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions Stimulates milk secretion
29
Antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin Increases collecting duct permeability, promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume and pressure Secreted when plasma osmolarity increases sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus or blood volume decreases sensed by baroreceptors in the circulatory system
30
Hypothalamus
Part of the forebrain, located directly above the pituitary gland Receive neural transmissions that trigger specific responses from neurosecretory cells
31
Neurosecretory cells
Regulate pituitary gland secretions viva negative feedback mechanisms and inhibiting/releasing hormones
32
Thyroid hormones
Children - growth and neurological development Adults - metabolism Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin Formed from glycoprotein thyroglobulin when iodinated tyrosine residues bind together
33
Thyroxine (T4)
5x less potent than T3 Transported by plasma proteins Formed and secreted by the thyroid gland Converted to T3 by 5'-monodeiodase
34
Triiodothyronine (T3)
5x more potent than T4 Transported by plasma proteins 20% produced by the thyroid gland Produced by conversion of T4 by 5'-monodeiodase in peripheral tissues
35
Hypothyroidism
``` Undersecreted thyroid hormones Slowed heart rate and respiratory rate Fatigue Cold intolerance Weight gain ```
36
Hyperthyroidism
``` Oversecretion of thyroid hormones Increased metabolic rate Excessive warmth Profuse sweating Palpitations Weigh loss Protruding eyes ```
37
Calcitonin
Decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting release of Ca2+ from bone Regulated by plasma Ca2+ levels Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
38
Pancreas
Exocrine organ - cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via ducts Endocrine organ - islets of Langerhans
39
islets of Langerhans
Composed of alpha cells (produce/secrete glucagon) and beta cells (produce/secrete insulin)
40
Glucagon
Stimulates protein and fat degradation, conversion of glycogen to glucose, and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels Antagonistic to insulin
41
Insulin
Secreted in response to high blood glucose Stimulates uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells and storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver cells Stimulates synthesis of fats from glucose and uptake of amino acids
42
Diabetes mellitus
Underproduction of insulin or insensitivity to insulin | Hyperglycemia
43
Type I diabetes
Presence of islet cell antibodies Autoimmune Decreased insulin secretion
44
Type II diabetes
Resistance to insulin | Increased hepatic glucose production
45
Parathyroid hormone
Regulates plasma Ca2+ concentrations by stimulating Ca2+ release from the bone and decreasing excretion by the kidneys
46
Parathyroid glands
4 small, pea-shaped structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid Synthesize and secrete parathyroid hormone
47
Renin
In response to decreased blood volume, enzyme that converts plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, then converted to angiotensin II which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
48
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Glycoprotein that stimulates red blood cell production Stimulates stem cell differentiation into rubriblasts Increases rate of mitosis Increases release of reticulocytes from bone marrow Increases hemoglobin (HgB) formation
49
Gastrin
Carried to the gastric glands stimulating secretion of HCl in response to food in the stomach
50
Secretin
Released by the small intestine when acidic chyme enters from the stomach Stimulates secretion of alkaline bicarbonate from the pancreas
51
Cholecystokinin
Released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats Causes contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the small intestine
52
Pineal gland
Tiny structure at the base of the brain that secretes melatonin
53
Melatonin
Role in regulation of circadian rhythms | Lightens skin by concentrating pigment granules in melanophores in primitive vertebrates
54
Peptide hormones
Act as first messengers | Bind specific receptors on target cells triggering a series of enzymatic reactions
55
Cascade effect
Series of reactions in the cell which are amplified with each step
56
Steroid hormones
Lipid-derived molecules with characteristic ring structure Cross cell membrane to bind specific receptor proteins in the cytoplasm Receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus and directly activates expression of specific genes

Biology (17 decks)

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