Reproductive System

Question 1

Reproduction

Answer 1

The complex process involving the formation and fertilization of gametes and regulation of these processes by both parents

Question 2

Sexual reproduction

Answer 2

Production of functional 
gametes by adult organisms
The union (fertilization or conjugation) to form a zygote
Development of the zygote into another adult

Question 3

Gonds

Answer 3

Specialized organs that produce gametes

Testes and ovaries

Question 4

Gametogenesis

Answer 4

The production of functional sex cells

Question 5

Fertilization

Answer 5

The union of an egg and sperm nuclei to form a zygote with a diploid number of chromosomes

Question 6

Testes

Answer 6

Located in the scrotum
Sperm passes through the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct then the urethra through the penis and terminates at the glans
Site of testosterone production

Question 7

Testosterone

Answer 7

Regulates secondary male sex characteristics

Question 8

Spermatogenesis

Answer 8

In the seminiferous tubules 
Diploid cells (spermatogenoia) differentiate into diploid cells (primary spermatocytes) which undergo meiotic division to yield 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes. Second meiotic division produces 4 haploid spermatids

Question 9

Spermatozoa

Answer 9

Mature sperm

Elongated cell with head, neck, body, and tail

Question 10

Acrosome

Answer 10

Cap-like structure

Over the anterior half of the head of a sperm

Question 11

Ovaries

Answer 11

Site of oogenesis
In the abdominal cavity below the digestive system
Consists of thousands of follicles

Question 12

Follicle

Answer 12

Multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects and immature ovum
Produces estrogen

Question 13

Fallopian tube

Answer 13

Oviduct

Approximately once a month an immature ovum is released and drawn by cilia

Question 14

Uterus

Answer 14

A muscular chamber where each fallopian tube open into

Site of fetal development

Question 15

Cervix

Answer 15

The lower, narrow end of the uterus

Connects with the vaginal canal

Question 16

Oogenesis

Answer 16

In ovarian follicles
Immature ova (primary oocytes) are diploid cells formed by mitosis
Primary oocyte per month completes meiosis I yielding 2 daughter cells (secondary oocyte and polar body)
Secondary oocyte expelled from the follicle during ovulation 
Meiosis II trigged when layers of the cell membrane are penetrated by sperm yielding 2 haploid cells (mature ovum and polar body)

Question 17

Oocyte cell membrane

Answer 17

Inner zona pellucida layer and outer corona radiate layer

Question 18

Menarche

Answer 18

First time a female menstruates

Question 19

Estrogens

Answer 19

Steroid hormones
Stimulate the development of female reproductive tract, development of secondary sexual characteristics, influence libido
Thicken endometrium
Secreted by follicles and corpus luteum

Question 20

Progesterone

Answer 20

Steroid hormone
Secreted by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase
Stimulates development and maintenance of the endometrium

Question 21

Menstrual Cycle

Answer 21

Follicular Phase
Ovulation
Luteal Phase
Menstruation

Question 22

Follicular Phase

Answer 22

Begins with the cessation of the menstrual flow

FSH from the anterior pituitary promotes the development of the follicle which grows and secretes estrogen

Question 23

Ovulation

Answer 23

Mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum

Caused by a surge in LH that is preceded by a peak in estrogen

Question 24

Luteal Phase

Answer 24

LH maintains remnant of the ruptured follicle (corpus luteum) which secretes estrogen and progesterone
Progesterone causes the glands of the endometrium to mature and produce secretions that prepare for implantation

Question 25

Menstruation

Answer 25

If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum atrophies
The drop in progesterone and estrogen cause endometrium to slough off
If fertilization occurs, placenta produces hCG maintaining the corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone

Question 26

Fertilization

Answer 26

Enzymes secreted by the sperm penetrate the corona radiate
Enzymes secreted by the acrosome penetrate the zona pellucida
Once in contact with the membrane, sperm forms acrosomal process which extends to the membrane and penetrates, fusing with the ovum
Sperm nucleus enters the ovum’s cytoplasm
Ovum completes meiosis II
After cortical reaction, sperm nucleus fuses with the ovum nucleus to form a diploid zygote

Question 27

Monozygotic twins

Answer 27

When a single zygote splits into 2 embryos
If at the 2-cell stage, embryos have separate chorions and placentas
If at the blastula stage, embyros have one chorionic sac and placenta
Twins are genetically identical

Question 28

Dizygotic twins

Answer 28

When 2 ova are released in one ovarian cycle and are fertilized by 2 different sperm
Not genetically identical

Question 29

Fertilization time

Answer 29

12-24 hours after ovulation

Sperm remains viable 1-2 days after intercourse

Question 30

Acrosomal reaction

Answer 30

Triggers a cortical reaction in the ovum, causing a release of calcium ions initiating a series of reactions that result in the formation of the fertilization membrane &

Question 31

Fertilization Membrane

Answer 31

Hard layer that surrounds the ovum cell membrane and prevents multiple fertilizations