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Biology > Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heart

A

Right side pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation. Left side pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation

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2
Q

Atria

A

Two upper chambers

Thin-walled

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3
Q

Ventricules

A

Two lower chambers

Extremely muscular

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4
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A
  1. Through the right atrium, tricuspid valve (3 cusps) into right ventricle
  2. Through pulmonary semilunar valve (3 cusps) into pulmonary arteries
  3. Return through pulmonary veins into left atrium
  4. Through mitral valve (2 cusps) into left ventricle
  5. Through aortic semilunar valve (3 cusps) into systemic circulation
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5
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Between the atria and ventricles

Prevent backflow into the atria

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6
Q

Systole

A

Period during which the ventricles contract, forcing blood out the heart into pulmonary and systemic circulation

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7
Q

Diastole

A

Period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all four chambers

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8
Q

Cardiac output

A

The total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute
CO = HR (beats/min) X stroke volume (volume/contraction)

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9
Q

Heart contraction

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of His (AV bundle)
  4. Purkinje fibers
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10
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA)

A

Pacemaker
Small mass of specialized tissue in the wall of the right atrium
Originates cardiac contraction and spreads impulses through the atrium, stimulating the to contract simultaneously

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11
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV)

A

Slowly conducts impulses to the rest of the heart allowing for atrial contraction and ventricles to fill with blood

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12
Q

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

A

Branches into the right and left bundle branches down the ventricles

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13
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Up the walls of the ventricles

Stimulate strong contraction

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14
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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15
Q

Arteries

A

Thick-walled, muscular, elastiv vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart

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16
Q

Veins

A

Thin-walled, inelastic vessels that transport deoxygenated blood toward the heart
Compression depends on skeletal muscle

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17
Q

Capillaries

A

Very thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and wastes readily diffuse

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18
Q

Lymph vessesl

A

Transport excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to the cardiovascular system, keeping fluid levels constant

19
Q

Lacteals

A

Smallest lymphatic vessels that collects fats (chylomicrons) from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the bloodstream

20
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (lymphocytes) that filter lymph

21
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood (55%)

Mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins

22
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Larger erythrocytes
Serve protective funcrtions

23
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that lack nuclei

Involved in clot formation

24
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
Biconcave, disk-like shape gives increased surface area and greater flexibility
Contains ~250 million molecules of haemoglobin, each can bind 4 oxygen

25
Q

Bone marrow

A

Site of erythrocyte formation stimulated by erythropoietin

Lose their nuclei, mitochondria, and membranous organelles to circulate for 120 days

26
Q

Antigens

A

Macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response

27
Q

Universal recipient

A

Type AB
Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Will not reject transfusions of any blood type

28
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O

Does not posses any surface antigens that would elicit an immune response

29
Q

Rh factor

A

Blood antigen that may be present on RBC surface
Rh+ possesses Rh antigen
Rh- lacks Rh antigen

30
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Severe anemia in a fetus if the anti-Rh antibodies of the mother cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells

31
Q

Clotting cascade

A
  1. Platelets come into contact with exposed collagen of damaged vessel. Release chemical causing neighbouring platelets to adhere forming a platelet plug
  2. Platelets release clotting factor thromboplastin
  3. Thromboplastin and its cofactors Ca2+ and vitamin K convert inactive prothrombin to active thrombin
  4. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
  5. Threads of fibrin coat the damaged are and trap blood cells
  6. Fluid left after clotting is serum
32
Q

Ventilation

A

Process by which air is inhaled and exhaled

Take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

33
Q

Inhalation

A

Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm to contract and flatten
External intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage and chest wall push up an out
Increase thoracic cavity volume, reducing pressure, causing lungs to expand and fill with air

34
Q

Exhalation

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
Chest wall pushes inward
Decrease thoracic cavity volume, increasing pressure, forcing air out and lungs deflate

35
Q

Surfactant

A

Protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs to keep lungs from collapsing by decreasing surface tension in the alveoli

36
Q

Ventilation control

A

Regulated by neurons in the medulla oblongata

Excessive CO2 and H+ in blood causes respiratory center to stimulate increased rate of ventilation

37
Q

Pulmonary capillaries

A

Dense network of minute blood vessels that surround the alveoli

38
Q

Total lung capcity

A

The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold

39
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air moved during a normal resting breath

40
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal, resting inhalation

41
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal, resting exhalation

42
Q

Vital capacity

A

The volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalation

43
Q

Residual volume

A

The air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Biology (17 decks)

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