Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Muscular and Skeletal Systems > Flashcards

Muscular and Skeletal Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal system

A

Endoskeleton serves as the framework

Provides protection by surrounding delicate internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cartilage

A

Connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone

Retained in places where firmness and flexibility are needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chrondrocytes

A

Cells that synthesize cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bone

A

Specialized mineralized connective tissue that withstands physical stress
Hard and strong while somewhat elastic and lightweight
Compact and spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked eye
Matrix deposited in osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osteons

A

Haversian systems
Structural units of boney matrix
Consists of central microscopic Haversian canal surrounded by concentric circles of bony matrix (calcium phosphate) lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spongy bone

A

Less dense
Interconnecting lattice of bony spicules (trabeculae)
Cavities between spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Inactive

Infiltrated by adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Red marrow

A

Involved in blood cell formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Synthesize and secrete organic constituents of the bone matrix
Once surrounded by their matrix, they mature into osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large, multinucleated cells involved in bone reabsorption where bone is broken down and minerals are released into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Existing cartilage is replaced by bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bone formation

A

Endochondral

Intramembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The basic framework of the body

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The bones of the appendage and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tendons

A

Attach skeletal muscle to bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Origin

A

The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone

Proximal end in limb muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Insertion

A

The point of attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves

Distal end in limb muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Extension

A

The straightening of a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Flexion

A

The bending of a joint

23
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Bundles of specialized contractile fibers held together by connective tissue
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

24
Q

Pyramidal system

A

Provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and organs
Nervous control involving the axons of the pyramidal cells of the motor cortex, descending from the brain to synapse on lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spina cord

25
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

Red nucleus in the mesencephalon is primarily control of skeletal muscle tone
Issue somatic motor command at the unconscious, involuntary level

26
Q

Skeleton muscle

A

Responsible for voluntary movements
Innervated by the somatic nervous system
Fibers of multinucleated cells created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cells

27
Q

Myofibril

A

Filaments embedded in skeleton muscle fibers

Divided into sacromeres

28
Q

Sacroplasmic reticulum

A

Envelopes myofibrils by a modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions

29
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of muscle fibers
Capable of propagating an action potential
Connected to a T system oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils

30
Q

T system

A

Transverse tubules
Provide channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fiber
Can propagate an action potential
Perpendicular to myofibrils

31
Q

Striated muscle

A

Striations of light and dark bands

32
Q

Sacromere

A

Contractile units composed of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments

33
Q

Z line

A

Define the boundaries of a single sarcomere
Anchor the thin filaments
Move toward each other during contraction

34
Q

M line

A

Runs down the center of the sarcomete

35
Q

I band

A

The region containing only thin filaments

36
Q

H zone

A

The region containing only thick filaments

37
Q

A band

A

Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping thin filaments

38
Q

Contraction

A

Stimulated by message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron
Receptors stimulated on the sarcolemma to generate an action potential. Conducted along the sarcolemma and T system and into the interior of the muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm which binds tropinin C on actin filaments
Allosteric changes allow myosin heads to bind these site on actin
ATP allows power stroke to pull Z bands closer together causing actin and myosin to slide past each other

39
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A 
Isotonic
Dynamic
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric
40
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

When a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that muscle remains constant

41
Q

Dynamic contraction

A

Concentric and eccentric

Results in a change in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle

42
Q

Concentric contraction

A

The muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases

43
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

The muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases

44
Q

Isometric contraction

A

When both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs but the tension increases

45
Q

Simple twitch

A

The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stimulus
Consists of a latent period, contraction period, and relaxation period

46
Q

Latent period

A

The time between stimulation and the onset of contraction

The action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions are released

47
Q

Relaxation period

A

The muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus

Absolute refractory period

48
Q

Temporal stimulation

A

When muscle fibers are exposed to very frequent stimuli and cannot fully relax
Contractions combine, becoming stronger and more prolonged
Tetanus

49
Q

Tonus

A

Muscles never completely relax and maintain partially contracted state at all times

50
Q

Cori cycle

A

During periods of strenuous activity, convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream for energy or rebuild glycogen reserves

51
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Responsible for involuntary actions
Innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Smooth, continuous contractions
Found in the digestive tract, bladder, uterus, and blood vessel walls
Central nucleus and not striated

52
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Characteristics of skeletal and smooth muscle
Strong, forceful contractions
Actin and myosin filaments arranged in sarcomeres giving striated appearance
Only one or two central nuclei

53
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Temporary store of high-energy compound

54
Q

Myoglobin

A

Haemoglobin-like protein found in muscle tissue

High oxygen affinity to maintain oxygen supply in muscles

Biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions