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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

The study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity
Composed of DNA
Located on chromosomes

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3
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a gene

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4
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical manifestation of the genetic makeup

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6
Q

4 principles of inheritance

A
  1. Genes exist as alleles
  2. An organism has 2 alleles for each inherited trait, one from each parent
  3. The two alleles segregate during meiosis
  4. If 2 alleles in an individual are different, only one will be fully expressed
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7
Q

Dominant

A

The expressed allele

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8
Q

Recessive

A

The silent allele

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9
Q

Mendel’s Law of Dominance

A

The dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype

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10
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Cross when only one trait is being studied in a particular mating

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11
Q

Parental (P) generation

A

The individuals being crossed

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12
Q

Filial (F) generation

A

The progeny generations

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13
Q

Punnet square diagram

A

The parental genotypes arranged around a grid

Indicate all potential progeny genotypes and relative frequencies

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14
Q

Testcross

A

A diagnostic tool used to determine genotype of a potentially hetero- or homozygous dominant parent crossed with a homozygous recessive parent

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15
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Two alleles segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes that carry only one allele for any given inherited trait

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16
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Inheritance of one trait is completely independent of any other as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes

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17
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

When parents differ in 2 traits

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18
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Phenotype of the heterozygote is an intermediate of the phenotypes of the homozygote

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19
Q

Codominance

A

Multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant, simultaneous expression of both dominant alleles

20
Q

Sex determination

A

Gender of a zygote is determined by the genetic contribution of the male gamete

21
Q

Sex-linked

A

Genes located on the X or Y chromosome

22
Q

Nondisjunction

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II

23
Q

Trisomy

A

Zygote with 3 copies of a chromosome

2N+1

24
Q

Monosomy

A

Zygote with 1 copy of a chromosome

2N-1

25
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in genetic info coded in the DNA

26
Q

Mutagenic agents

A

Induce mutations

Cosmic rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, radioactivity, chemical compounds

27
Q

Point mutation

A

A nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid

Does not alter the length of the genome

28
Q

Silent mutation

A

The new codon codes for the same amino acid

No change in the resulting protein

29
Q

Missense mutation

A

The new codon codes for a different amino acid

May or may not alter the protein structure and function

30
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

The new codon codes for a stop codon

Often lethal or severally inhibit functionality of the protein

31
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Nucleic acids are deleted or inserted into the genome sequence
Frequently lethal
Alters the length of the genome

32
Q

Nucleoid

A

Location of a single circular chromosome of bacterial genome

33
Q

Plasmid

A

Smaller circular rings of bacterial DNA

Contain accessory genes

34
Q

Episomes

A

Plasmids capable of integration into the bacterial genome

35
Q

Transformation

A

The process by which a foreign chromosome fragment (plasmid) is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination, creating new inheritable genetic combinations

36
Q

Conjugation

A

Sexual mating in bacteria
Cytoplasmic conjugation bridge formed between 2 cells, genetic material transferred from donor male (+) type to recipient female (-) type

37
Q

F factor

A

Bacteria possess plasmid termed F+ cells, replicates its F factor and donates the copy to the recipient F- cell, converting it to an F+ cell during conjugation

38
Q

High frequency of recombination (Hfr)

A

Sex factor integrates into bacterial genome
Entire bacterial chromosome replicates and moves from donor to recipient cell to recombine with genes already present
Conjugation bridge breaks before entire chromosome transferred

39
Q

Transduction

A

A virus that infects its host bacterium by attaching to the bacterium, boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall, and inject its viral DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall

40
Q

Recombination

A

Breakage and rearrangement of adjacent regions of DNA when organisms carrying different genes or alleles for the same traits are crossed

41
Q

Operon

A

Consists of structural genes

42
Q

Operator

A

The sequence of nontranscribable DNA that is the repressor binding site

43
Q

Promoter

A

The noncoding sequence of DNA that serves as the initial binding site for RNA polymerase

44
Q

Regulator gene

A

Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural gene

45
Q

Inducible systems

A

The repressor binds to the operator, forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes
An inducer binds the pressor forming an inducer-repressor complex which cannot bind to the operator, permitting transcription
Inducers are usually the substrate or derivative for the synthesized enzyme

46
Q

Repressible systems

A

In a constant state of transcription unless a corepressor is present to inhibit transcription
The repressor is inactive until it combines with the corepressor to form a repressor-corepressor complex which binds the operator and prevents transcription
Corepressors are usually end products

47
Q

Constitutive

A

Operons containing mutations or whose regulator genes code for defective repressors are always synthesizing their enzymes

Biology (17 decks)

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