Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals 2 Pt. 2 > T2: Safe Med Use (CH 17) > Flashcards

T2: Safe Med Use (CH 17) Flashcards

1
Q

There is an increased risk of interactions and __ __ in older adults when it comes to medications.

A

adverse reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Medications act ___ in older adults; and require careful dosage adjustment and __.

A

differently

monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___: refers to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

___: refers to the biologic and therapeutic effects of drugs at the site of action or on the target organ

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The high prevalence of health conditions in the older population causes this group to use a large number and variety of ___

A

medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most common medications used:

A

cardiovascular agents, antihypertensive, analgesics, antiarthritic agents, sedatives, tranquilizers, laxatives, and antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Taking more than one drug increases the risk of __ interactions.

A

drug-food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pharmacokinetics refers to the __, __, __, and ___ of drugs.

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The renal system is primarily responsible for the body’s ___ functions, and among its activities is the __ of drugs.

A

excretory

excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Changes in what 4 things can modify DISTRIBUTION of a drug?

A
  • circulation
  • membrane permeability
  • body temperature
  • tissue structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Factors altering absorption:

A
  • Route of administration
  • Concentration and solubility of drug
  • Diseases and symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Difficult to predict drug __

A

distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ and hypoalbuminemia decrease drug distribution

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CONDITIONS decreasing metabolism of drugs: (4)

A

-Dehydration, hyperthermia, immobility, and liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

___ is the most common organ to deal with metabolism.

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Extended biological __: requires close evaluation of drug clearance

A

half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Detoxification and conjugation of drugs is ___

A

reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

__ influences drug detoxification and excretion

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Refers to biologic and therapeutic effects of drugs at the site of action or targeted organs

A

Altered Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

There is increased myocardial sensitivity to ___.

A

anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

There is increase central nervous system receptor sensitivity to __, alcohol, and __.

A

narcotics

bromides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Risk of adverse drug reactions is higher in older adults related to altered __ and __.

A

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mental ___ is often an early sign of adverse reaction to many medications.

A

dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This criteria included drugs that were inappropriate to use in general and drugs that were inappropriate to use in the presence of specific conditions. (Identification of drugs that carry high risks for older adults)

A

Beer’s criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ensure drugs are selectively and __ used.

A

cautiously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Suppository form: due to lower body temperature may take __ to melt

A

longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Immobile limb will reduce rate of __.

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some factors interference with safe administration?

A
  • Functional limitations
  • Cognitive limitations
  • Educational limitations
  • Sensory limitations
  • Financial limitations
  • Choice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Theirs a therapeutic range- if their level is high (“toxic”) you ____

A

won’t give them it, you would hold off on that medication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Benefits versus risk must be weighed meaning ____ .

A

more good than harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

__: gastrointestinal bleeding

A

Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

__: Lacks anti-inflammatory properties; potential for hepatic necrosis

A

Acetaminophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Can cause liver failure

A

Acetaminophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Max dose of acetaminophen is __ in a day.

A

4G (4000mg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

__-Acting opioids: mild to moderate pain

A

Short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

__-acting opioids: severe pain

A

Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Assess the symptom of pain carefully for its ___ cause.

A

underlying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Observe for signs of infection other than fever in patients who are taking __ or ___.

A

aspirin or acetaminophen (an NSAID)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Administer analgesics regularly to maintain a constant __ level.

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Note signs of salicylate toxicity, which include:

A

dizziness, vomiting, tinnitus, hearing loss, sweating, fever, confusion, burning in the mouth and throat, convulsion, and coma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Because bleeding and delayed clotting times can result from long-term aspirin use, observe for signs of:

A

anemia, bleeding, and altered hemoglobin, and prothrombin time

42
Q

Observe for hypoglycemic reactions in persons with diabetes who combine __ with sulfonylureas.

A

aspirin

43
Q

Chronic use of ___ warrants a diagnostic evaluation

A

antacids

44
Q

Avoid administering other medications within ___ of administration of an antacid, unless otherwise ordered, to prevent the antacid from interfering with drug absorption.

A

2 hours

45
Q

__ can result from the use of aluminum hydroxide and calcium antacids.

A

Constipation

46
Q

__ can occur when magnesium hydroxide combinations are used.

A

Diarrhea

47
Q

Advise patients who are on sodium-restricted diets to avoid using sodium __ as an antacid

A

bicarbonate

48
Q

Excessive use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic-resistant __

A

bacteria

49
Q

__ infections may result from antibiotic use.

A

Secondary

50
Q

Examples of secondary infections:

A

MRSA, MDRO, colitis, vaginitis.

51
Q

Ensure that patients using anticoagulants have their __ blood level monitored.

A

PT/INR

52
Q

Use __ razor when on blood thinners.

A

electric

53
Q

A larger intake of vitamin k-rich foods can reduce the effectiveness of ___.
Mango and papya can increase __.
High doses of vitamin E can increase __ risk.

A

anticoagulants
INR
bleeding

54
Q

Keep Vitamin __ readily available as an antidote when patients are receiving anticoagulants.

A

K

55
Q

Advise patients to avoid using __ as it can interfere with platelet aggregation and cause bleeding.

A

aspirin

56
Q

Seizure meds are called ___.

A

anticonvulsants

57
Q

___ increases the risk of toxicity. (food)

A

Grapefruit

58
Q

Antihypertensive drugs examples:

A
  • diuretics (most common)
  • beta-blockers
  • angiotension-converting (ACE)
  • calcium
  • alpha-blockers
59
Q

Antidiabetic drugs (hypoglycemic): Report conditions that could alter antidiabetic drug requirements, such as fever, severe trauma, prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, altered thyroid function, or heart, kidney, or liver __.

A

disease

60
Q

Advise patients to avoid drinking __ as this can lead to a significant drop in blood sugar.

A

alcohol

61
Q

__ have a narrowed therapeutic window, and toxic levels accumulate much easier and at lower doses in older adults.

A

NSAIDS

62
Q

Increased use of __-lowering drugs

A

cholesterol

63
Q

What are 2 cognitive enhancing drugs?

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

and NMDA receptor antagonists

64
Q

__ is used to treat congestive heart failure and to slow the heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation.

A

Digoxin

65
Q

The usual biological half-life of these drugs can be extended in older adults, increasing their risk of digitalis __.

A

toxicity

66
Q

__ makes patients more susceptible to toxicity.

A

Hypokalemia

67
Q

3 major types of diuretics:

A

Thiazides
loop diuretics
Postassium-sparing diuretics

68
Q

Diuretics have a potential for fluid and electrolyte __

A

imbalance

69
Q

Monitor ___ in patients receiving loop diuretics as these drugs can cause transient ototoxicity.

A

hearing

70
Q

With a diuretic, what electrolyte do you want to look at?

A

Potassium level

71
Q

Antidiabetic drugs can cause __.

A

hypoglycemic

72
Q

___ can drop the blood sugar.

A

Alcohol

73
Q

NSAIDS are used with caution in the older adults bc of the risk of ___.

A

GI bleeds

74
Q

Increased use of cholesterol-___ drugs.

A

lowering

75
Q

Use Digoxin with caution in patients with impaired ___ function

A

renal

76
Q

Have patient do what before they administer digoxin at home?

A

-check heart rate

77
Q

You lose __ when vomiting and having diarrhea.

A

potassium

78
Q

Diuretics can lead to what type of imbalance?

A

fluid and electrolyte imbalance

79
Q

Thiazides and loop diuretics lead to a decrease in what electrolytes? (3)

A

POTASSIUM, chloride, and sodium

80
Q

What diuretic spares the potassium?

A

potassium-sparing diuretics

81
Q

Opioids (morphine) should be used with caution in older adults due to an increased risk of adverse effects, especially __ __.

A

respiratory depression.

82
Q

Common adverse effects of morphine includes :

A

constipation, nausea, vomiting, sedation, lethargy, weakness, risk of falls, confusion, and dependency

83
Q

Of the analgesics, the ____ ___ is particularly popular because of its effectiveness and low cost.

A

NSAID aspirin

84
Q

___ is another popular analgesic among older people with mild to moderate pain.

A

Acetaminophen

85
Q

__ is the least preferred opioid because it is excreted by the kidney

A

Meperidine

86
Q

Any ___ can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and allergic reactions.

A

antibiotic

87
Q

Usually, __ is prescribed for rapid anticoagulation.

A

heparin

88
Q

Usually, __ is prescribed for long-term use anticoagulation.

A

warfarin (coumarin)

89
Q

Beta-blockers stop the effects of the sympathetic division, the part of the nervous system that can rapidly respond to stress by __ __ __.

A

increasing blood pressure

90
Q

Side effects of __ __ can include dizziness, fainting, bronchospasm, bradycardia, heart failure, possible masking of low blood sugar levels, impaired peripheral circulation, insomnia, fatigue, shortness of breath, depression, Raynaud’s phenomenon, vivid dreams, hallucinations, sexual dysfunction, and, with some beta-blockers, an increased triglyceride level.

A

beta-blockers

91
Q

__ __ are well-tolerated antihypertensive drugs and are popular initial agents in the treatment of hypertension.

A

(ACE) inhibitors

92
Q

They dilate arterioles by preventing the formation of angiotensin II, which causes arterioles to constrict and block the action of ACE, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

ACE inhibitors

93
Q

Cough is a common side effect of this drug

A

ACE inhibitors

94
Q

Side effects of these drugs include headache, dizziness, flushing, fluid retention, problems in the heart’s electrical conduction system (including heart block), bradycardia, heart failure, enlarged gums, and constipation.

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

95
Q

The main goal in lowering cholesterol is to lower __ and raise ___.

A

LDL

HDL

96
Q

Effective in relieving mild to moderate pain

A

NSAIDS

97
Q

Signs of fluid and electrolyte imbalance:

A

dry oral cavity, confusion, thirst, weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, restlessness, muscle cramps, muscular fatigue, hypotension, reduced urinary output, slow pulse, and GI disturbances.

98
Q

__ __ absorb fluid in the intestines and create extra bulk, which distends the intestines and increases peristalsis.

A

Bulk formers

99
Q

___ pull fluid into the colon, causing bowel distension that increases peristalsis.

A

Hyperosmolars

100
Q

__ irritate the smooth muscle of the intestines and pull fluid into the colon, causing peristalsis.

A

Stimulants

101
Q

__ coat fecal material to facilitate its passage.

A

Lubricants

102
Q

__ __ collect fluid in the stool, which makes the mass softer and easier to move.

A

Stool softeners

Fundamentals 2 Pt. 2 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions