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Fundamentals 2 Pt. 2 > T2: Neuro System (Ch. 24) > Flashcards

T2: Neuro System (Ch. 24) Flashcards

1
Q

Loss of nerve cell ___

A

mass

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2
Q

___ weight decreases

A

Brain

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3
Q

___ of the brain and spinal cord

A

Atrophy

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4
Q

Number of ___ declines.

A

dendrites

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5
Q

Demyelination of cells causes:

A
  • Slower nerve conduction
  • Response and reaction times are slower
  • Reflexes become weaker
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6
Q

There is plaques, ___, and atrophy of the brain

A

tangles

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7
Q

Free ___ accumulate

A

radicals

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8
Q

Decrease in cerebral blood flow by __%

A

20%

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9
Q

__ __ accumulate in blood vessels

A

Fatty deposits

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10
Q

Ability to ___ declines with age

A

compensate

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11
Q

The connection and communication of nerves

A

dendrites

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12
Q

Intellectual performance maintained until at least ___ years of age

A

80

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13
Q

Slowing in the central ___

A

processing

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14
Q

There is a delay in time required to __ __.

A

perform tasks

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15
Q

Verbal skills maintained until age __.

A

70

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16
Q

Number & sensitivity of sensory receptors, ___, and neurons decrease

A

dermatomes

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17
Q

There is a ___ of tactile sensation.

A

Dulling

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18
Q

Decline in the function of cranial nerves affecting __ and __.

A

taste and smell

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19
Q

T/F: Cerebral blood flow decreases by 50% in older adults

A

False- 20%

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20
Q

Many neurologic disorders occur for reasons _____

A

beyond a person’s control

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21
Q

What’re some indications of neuro problems?

A
  • New headaches that occur in the early morning or interrupt sleep
  • deafness or ringing in ears
  • altered LOC
  • clumsiness
  • personality changes
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22
Q

What are some factors that affect neurological function?

A
  • high BP
  • increased age
  • smoking
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23
Q

What disease affects ability of the central nervous system (CNS) to control body movements?

A

Parkinsons disease (PD)

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24
Q

Signs of Parkinson’s Disease:

A

Tremors & shuffling gait

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25
Q

Nursing interventions for Parkinson’s Disease:
Educate
Psychosocial
Physical

A

Education (about disease & management)
Psychosocial (prevent tension & frustration)
Physical (preserve max level of patient independence)

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26
Q

Goal of Parkinson’s treatment:

A

maximum level of independence preserved

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27
Q

T/F: Secondary symptoms of PD include depression, sleep disturbances, dementia, drooling, and dysphagia

A

True

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28
Q

What are some secondary symptoms of PD?

A

depression, sleep disturbances, dementia, forced eyelid closure, drooling, dysphagia, constipation, shortness of breath, urinary hesitancy, urinary urgency, and reduced interest in sex.

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29
Q

Temporary or intermittent reduction in cerebral perfusion

A

TIA

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30
Q

Recovery for a TIA?

A

within a day

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31
Q

TIA’s lead to an increased risk of __ __

A

cerebrovascular accident

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32
Q

T/F: Signs and symptoms of a transient ischemic attack can last for several days and complete recovery is usual within 1 week.

A

False

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33
Q

Third leading cause of death in older adults

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

34
Q

2 types of cerebrovascular accident?

A
  • ischemic

- hemorrhagic

35
Q

What is an ischemic CVA?

A

caused by partial or complete cerebral thrombosis

36
Q

Which is the most common type of cerebrovascular accident?

A

ischemic

37
Q

What is an hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident caused by?

A

ruptured blood vessel

38
Q

Warning signs of a cerebrovascular accident and a TIA?

A

lightheaded, dizzy, headache, drop attack

39
Q

What is a drop attack?

A

Caused by a complete muscular flaccidity in the legs, without an alteration in consciousness (A fall caused by flaccidity in the legs)

40
Q

Signs and symptoms of a CV accident depend on ___.

A

area of brain affected

41
Q

TIA signs and symptoms:

3

A

hemiplegia, aphasia, & hemianopsia

42
Q

After patient stabilization of CV accident, focus is on __.

A

rehabilitation

43
Q

During rehabilitation, problems vary depending on the ___ affected.

A

side of the brain

44
Q

Nursing interventions are aimed at: (2)

A

promoting maximum levels of independence, preventing injury

45
Q

T/F: Persons who have experienced a cerebrovascular accident may experience depression and irritability toward others.

A

true

46
Q

__ changes often accompany neurologic problems.

A

Personality

47
Q

Patients may become __ as they realize their limitations and become __ by their need to be dependent on others

A

depressed

frustrated

48
Q

How to prevent injury for neuro conditions:

A
  • High risk for accidents
  • Avoiding hazards
  • Safety considerations
  • Evaluate the environment for danger
  • Prevention of complications
49
Q

Numbness on one side

A

Hemianesthesia

50
Q

decreased vision or blindness in half of one eye or the same half of both eyes

A

hemianopsia

51
Q

dizziness

A

vertigo

52
Q

trouble speaking

A

dysphagia

53
Q

unable to project or understand others

A

aphasia

54
Q

4 treatments for Parkinsons disease?

A
  • Dopamine Agonists
  • Anticholinergic medications
  • Mono-oxidase inhibitors & catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors
  • Technologies to control symptoms
55
Q

Treatments for Parkinsons disease:

-Stimulate dopamine receptors

A

Dopamine Agonists

56
Q

Treatments for Parkinsons disease:

-Decrease acetylcholine in the brain & restore normal neurotransmitter’s balance (can make glaucoma worse)

A

Anticholinergic medications

57
Q

Treatments for Parkinsons disease:

-Control symptoms

A

Mono-oxidase inhibitors & catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors

58
Q

Treatments for Parkinsons disease:

-Deep brain stimulation

A

Technologies to control symptoms

59
Q

weakness on one side of the body

A

Hemiparesis

60
Q

paralysis on ONE side of the body.

A

Hemiplegia

61
Q

___: stroke; interruption in blood supply to the brain

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

62
Q

__ __: progressive degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia resulting in the reduced production of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

63
Q

Parkinson’s disease affects the ability of the central nervous system to control body movements as a result of impaired function of __ __ in the midbrain.

A

basal ganglia

64
Q

Parkinson’s occurs when neurons that produce dopamine in the substantia nigra __ or become __.

A

die

impaired

65
Q

Parkinson’s disease is more common in ___ and occurs most frequently after the __ decade of life.

A

men

fifth

66
Q

The incidence of PD rises with __, although most cases have been diagnosed by the time people reach their ___ decade of life.

A

age

seventh

67
Q

Although its exact cause is unknown, this disease is thought to be associated with a history of exposure to toxins, encephalitis, and cerebrovascular disease, especially ___.

A

arteriosclerosis

68
Q

A finding in people with Parkinson’s disease compared with individuals who have other causes of tremors is the presence of the __ __, an intracellular inclusion body, in the brain.

A

Lewy body

69
Q

The death of substantia nigra cells within the basal ganglia leads to a significant reduction in ___, which is responsible for the symptoms.

A

dopamine

70
Q

While they are taking levodopa, patients should avoid foods that are high in __ __,

A

vitamin B6

71
Q

While they are taking levodopa, patients should avoid foods such as:

A

avocados, lentils, and lima beans, because they will counteract the drug.

72
Q

__ __ __ has become the surgical treatment of choice for PD because it is effective, does not destroy brain tissue, is reversible, and can be adjusted as the disease advances.

A

Deep brain stimulation

73
Q

___ are a particular risk of older persons with Parkinson’s disease.

A

Contractures

74
Q

As the disease PD progresses, the patient requires increased ___.

A

assistance

75
Q

(TIA) Hyperextension and flexion of the head, such as when an individual falls asleep in a chair, can impair __ __ __.

A

cerebral blood flow

76
Q

When I comes to TIA’s, what are some examples of ways to decrease cerebral circulation?

A
  • Reduced blood pressure resulting from anemia and certain drugs (e.g., diuretics and antihypertensives
  • cigarette smoking; due to its vasoconstrictive effect,
  • sudden standing from a prone position.
77
Q

Hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, aphasia, unilateral loss of vision, diplopia, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and dysphagia are among the manifestations of a __.

A

TIA

78
Q

A significant concern regarding TIAs is that they increase the patient’s risk of sustaining a ____.

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

79
Q

Major signs of a CVA tend to include __, __, and __.

A

hemiplegia, aphasia, and hemianopsia.

80
Q

Controlling ___ is important in reducing stroke risk in older adults

A

hypertension

81
Q

In the acute phase of a CVA, nursing efforts have the following aims:

A
  • Maintain a patent airway.
  • Provide adequate nutrition and hydration.
  • Monitor neurologic and vital signs.
  • Prevent complications associated with immobility.
82
Q

The patient with expressive aphasia will be able to understand commands but will not be able to:

A

put symbols together into an intelligent speech form

Fundamentals 2 Pt. 2 (26 decks)

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