T2: Nutrition and Hydration (CH 11) Flashcards
One of the most significant differences in nutrient requirements among people of different ages involves __ intake.
caloric
Several factors contribute to the older person’s reduced need for calories:
- Less lean body mass and a relative increase in adipose tissue.
- Basal metabolic rate declines 2% for each decade of life after age 25
- The activity level for most older adults is usually lower than that during their younger years.
__ and __ of caloric intake must be monitored.
Quantity and quality
A reduction in calories is recommended beginning in the __ decade of life.
fourth
Dietary fat intake: less than __% of calories
30%
Soluble Fiber: lowers serum cholesterol and improves __ __
glucose tolerance
Carbohydrates: __ of intake
reduction
Protein: __% to __% of calories per day
10-20
Calcium: __ __ decreases with age
absorption ability
Fruits & vegetables: at least __ servings daily
five
Modified MyPyramid for people over age __ is useful!
70
___ fibers promote good bowel activity and can be found in grains and many vegetables and fruits.
Insoluble
A good intake of vitamin D and ___ facilitates calcium absorption.
magnesium
__ __ compensate for inadequate intake of nutrients and deficiencies resulting from disease and medication effects.
Nutritional Supplements
Nursing assessment for nutritional supplements?
type and amount of nutritional supplement
3 Nutrition-related risks for women:
Heart disease
Cancer
Osteoporosis
Intracellular fluid lost results in decreased __ __ __.
total body fluid.
Whereas water comprises approximately __% of body weight in younger adults, it constitutes __% or less of body weight in older adults.
60
50
__ __ __ refers to a state of dehydration in which intracellular, extracellular, or vascular fluid is less than that required by the body.
Fluid volume deficit
Older adults are also more sensitive to overhydration caused by ____
decreased cardiovascular and renal function.
Some factors that may cause older adults to consume less fluid:
- Age-related reductions in thirst sensations
- Fear of incontinence
- Lack of accessible fluids
- Inability to obtain or drink fluids independently
- Lack of motivation
- Altered mood or cognition
- Nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal distress
Risks of fluid restrictions:
Predisposes older adults to infection, constipation, and decreased bladder distensibility.
-Also can lead to serious fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
After the third decade of life, ___ disease becomes the first cause of tooth loss
periodontal
By __ years of age, most people lose all their teeth
70
Ability to meet __ needs in influenced by dental care throughout lifetime
nutritional
Many older adults are now ___ their teeth
preserving
Signs of \_\_ \_\_ include: Bleeding gums, particularly when teeth are brushed Red, swollen, painful gums Pus at gum line when pressure is exerted Chronic bad breath Loosening of teeth from gum line
periodontal disease
___ is more effective than using swabs or other soft devices.
Toothbrushing
With dentures, their is a __ need for ongoing dental care
continued
Having dentures eliminates the need for dental care. T/F?
False
___ and ___ ___ are common among older people because of decreased stomach motility, less gastric secretion, and a slower gastric emptying time.
Indigestion and food intolerance
Indigestion and food intolerance are common among older people because of what 3 things?
decreased stomach motility, less gastric secretion, and a slower gastric emptying time.
___ can be related to a variety of conditions.
Anorexia
The initial step in managing Anorexia is to __.
identify its cause.
Dysphagia increases with age and can take several forms, such as difficulty moving food from the __ to the ___ (transfer dysphagia), ____ (transport dysphagia), or from the ___ into the ____.
mouth to the esophagus
down the esophagus
esophagus into the stomach
Some general measures prove useful for all persons with dysphagia, such as:
having the person sit upright whenever food or fluid is being consumed; allowing sufficient time for eating; ensuring there is no residual food in the mouth before feeding additional food; placing small portions in the mouth; discouraging the person from talking while eating; keeping a suction machine readily available; and monitoring intake, output, and weight.
Slower peristalsis, inactivity, medication side effects, and decreased fiber and fluids leads to ___.
Constipation
Preventive measures for constipation:
Plenty of fluids, fruits, vegetables, and activity is advisable, as is regular and adequate time allowance for a bowel movement. Activity promotes peristalsis and should be encouraged.
What are some factors that can lead to malnutrition:
decreased taste and smell sensations, reduced mastication capability, slower peristalsis, decreased hunger contractions, reduced gastric acid secretion, less absorption of nutrients because of reduced intestinal blood flow, and a decrease in cells of the intestinal absorbing surface.
Some of the clinical signs of malnutrition include:
Weight loss greater than 5% in the past month or 10% in the past 6 months
Weight 10% below or 20% above ideal range
Serum albumin level lower than 3.5 g/100 mL
Hemoglobin level below 12 g/dL
Hematocrit value below 35%
Other problems can indicate malnutrition, such as
delirium, depression, visual disturbances, dermatitis, hair loss, pallor, delayed wound healing, lethargy, and fatigue.
Physical, mental, and socioeconomic factors affect __ status in later life
nutritional
Because factors can change, regular __ __ is necessary.
nutritional assessment
Services to enhance nutritional status:
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: food stamps Meals on Wheels Shopping and meal preparation assistance Home health aides for feeding assistance Congregate eating programs Nutritional and psychological counseling Consider ethnic and religious factors
___ mL minimal required fluid intake.
1,500
