T2: Nutrition and Hydration (CH 11)

Question 1

One of the most significant differences in nutrient requirements among people of different ages involves __ intake.

Answer 1

caloric

Question 2

Several factors contribute to the older person’s reduced need for calories:

Answer 2

• Less lean body mass and a relative increase in adipose tissue.
• Basal metabolic rate declines 2% for each decade of life after age 25
• The activity level for most older adults is usually lower than that during their younger years.

Question 3

__ and __ of caloric intake must be monitored.

Answer 3

Quantity and quality

Question 4

A reduction in calories is recommended beginning in the __ decade of life.

Answer 4

fourth

Question 5

Dietary fat intake: less than __% of calories

Answer 5

30%

Question 6

Soluble Fiber: lowers serum cholesterol and improves __ __

Answer 6

glucose tolerance

Question 7

Carbohydrates: __ of intake

Answer 7

reduction

Question 8

Protein: __% to __% of calories per day

Answer 8

10-20

Question 9

Calcium: __ __ decreases with age

Answer 9

absorption ability

Question 10

Fruits & vegetables: at least __ servings daily

Answer 10

five

Question 11

Modified MyPyramid for people over age __ is useful!

Answer 11

70

Question 12

___ fibers promote good bowel activity and can be found in grains and many vegetables and fruits.

Answer 12

Insoluble

Question 13

A good intake of vitamin D and ___ facilitates calcium absorption.

Answer 13

magnesium

Question 14

__ __ compensate for inadequate intake of nutrients and deficiencies resulting from disease and medication effects.

Answer 14

Nutritional Supplements

Question 15

Nursing assessment for nutritional supplements?

Answer 15

type and amount of nutritional supplement

Question 16

3 Nutrition-related risks for women:

Answer 16

Heart disease
Cancer
Osteoporosis

Question 17

Intracellular fluid lost results in decreased __ __ __.

Answer 17

total body fluid.

Question 18

Whereas water comprises approximately __% of body weight in younger adults, it constitutes __% or less of body weight in older adults.

Answer 18

60

50

Question 19

__ __ __ refers to a state of dehydration in which intracellular, extracellular, or vascular fluid is less than that required by the body.

Answer 19

Fluid volume deficit

Question 20

Older adults are also more sensitive to overhydration caused by ____

Answer 20

decreased cardiovascular and renal function.

Question 21

Some factors that may cause older adults to consume less fluid:

Answer 21

• Age-related reductions in thirst sensations
• Fear of incontinence
• Lack of accessible fluids
• Inability to obtain or drink fluids independently
• Lack of motivation
• Altered mood or cognition
• Nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal distress

Question 22

Risks of fluid restrictions:

Answer 22

Predisposes older adults to infection, constipation, and decreased bladder distensibility.
-Also can lead to serious fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Question 23

After the third decade of life, ___ disease becomes the first cause of tooth loss

Answer 23

periodontal

Question 24

By __ years of age, most people lose all their teeth

Answer 24

70

Question 25

Ability to meet __ needs in influenced by dental care throughout lifetime

Answer 25

nutritional

Question 26

Many older adults are now ___ their teeth

Answer 26

preserving

Question 27

``` Signs of __ __ include: Bleeding gums, particularly when teeth are brushed Red, swollen, painful gums Pus at gum line when pressure is exerted Chronic bad breath Loosening of teeth from gum line ```

Answer 27

periodontal disease

Question 28

___ is more effective than using swabs or other soft devices.

Answer 28

Toothbrushing

Question 29

With dentures, their is a __ need for ongoing dental care

Answer 29

continued

Question 30

Having dentures eliminates the need for dental care. T/F?

Answer 30

False

Question 31

___ and ___ ___ are common among older people because of decreased stomach motility, less gastric secretion, and a slower gastric emptying time.

Answer 31

Indigestion and food intolerance

Question 32

Indigestion and food intolerance are common among older people because of what 3 things?

Answer 32

decreased stomach motility, less gastric secretion, and a slower gastric emptying time.

Question 33

___ can be related to a variety of conditions.

Answer 33

Anorexia

Question 34

The initial step in managing Anorexia is to __.

Answer 34

identify its cause.

Question 35

Dysphagia increases with age and can take several forms, such as difficulty moving food from the __ to the ___ (transfer dysphagia), ____ (transport dysphagia), or from the ___ into the ____.

Answer 35

mouth to the esophagus down the esophagus esophagus into the stomach

Question 36

Some general measures prove useful for all persons with dysphagia, such as:

Answer 36

having the person sit upright whenever food or fluid is being consumed; allowing sufficient time for eating; ensuring there is no residual food in the mouth before feeding additional food; placing small portions in the mouth; discouraging the person from talking while eating; keeping a suction machine readily available; and monitoring intake, output, and weight.

Question 37

Slower peristalsis, inactivity, medication side effects, and decreased fiber and fluids leads to ___.

Answer 37

Constipation

Question 38

Preventive measures for constipation:

Answer 38

Plenty of fluids, fruits, vegetables, and activity is advisable, as is regular and adequate time allowance for a bowel movement. Activity promotes peristalsis and should be encouraged.

Question 39

What are some factors that can lead to malnutrition:

Answer 39

decreased taste and smell sensations, reduced mastication capability, slower peristalsis, decreased hunger contractions, reduced gastric acid secretion, less absorption of nutrients because of reduced intestinal blood flow, and a decrease in cells of the intestinal absorbing surface.

Question 40

Some of the clinical signs of malnutrition include:

Answer 40

Weight loss greater than 5% in the past month or 10% in the past 6 months Weight 10% below or 20% above ideal range Serum albumin level lower than 3.5 g/100 mL Hemoglobin level below 12 g/dL Hematocrit value below 35%

Question 41

Other problems can indicate malnutrition, such as

Answer 41

delirium, depression, visual disturbances, dermatitis, hair loss, pallor, delayed wound healing, lethargy, and fatigue.

Question 42

Physical, mental, and socioeconomic factors affect __ status in later life

Answer 42

nutritional

Question 43

Because factors can change, regular __ __ is necessary.

Answer 43

nutritional assessment

Question 44

Services to enhance nutritional status:

Answer 44

``` Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: food stamps Meals on Wheels Shopping and meal preparation assistance Home health aides for feeding assistance Congregate eating programs Nutritional and psychological counseling Consider ethnic and religious factors ```

Question 45

___ mL minimal required fluid intake.

Answer 45

1,500