T2 L16 Anatomy of the leg and foot Flashcards
What are the functions of the foot?
Support body weight
Stability / standing
Locomotion / propulsion
Shock absorption
What are the bones in the foot?
Calcaneous Talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiforms Metatarsals Phalanges
What bone does the achilles tendon attach to?
Calcaneal tuberosity
What are the possible movements of the foot?
Dorsiflexion (extension) Plantarflexion (flexion) Eversion Inversion Supination Pronation
What does supination of the foot consist of?
Inversion
Adduction
Plantarflexion
What does pronation of the foot consist of?
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Abduction
Describe the ankle joint and its movements
Articulation between talus and tibia/fibula
Synovial hinge joint
Dorsiflexion / plantarflexion
Describe the movements of the intertarsal joints
Inversion / eversion
Supination / pronation
Describe the movements of the metatarsophalangeal joints
Extension / flexion
Limited abduction / adduction
Describe the movements of the interphalangeal joints
Extension / flexion
What ligaments stabilise the ankle?
Lateral ligaments
Medial / deltoid ligaments
Describe the lateral ligaments that stabilise the ankle
3 ligaments all from lateral malleolus
2 ligaments go towards talus
1 ligaments goes towards calcaneous
Describe the medial / deltoid ligaments that stabilise the ankle
3 ligaments coming from medial malleolus
1 ligament goes to talus
1 ligament to calcaneus
1 ligament to navicular
What is the clinical consequence of excessive inversion of the foot?
Injury to the lateral ligament - usually the anterior talofibular ligament
Describe the subtler joint and its function
Between talus and calcaneus (and navicular)
Allows inversion / eversion during locomotion
What is the function of the transverse tarsal joint?
Allows eversion / inversion and pronation / supination
Important for standing on uneven ground
Divides foot into hind and mid foot
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
Thickening of deep fascia
Protects underlying structure and supports longitudinal arch
What is plantar fasciitis?
Inflammation of the palmar aponeurosis due to overuse
Common in runners
What is the function of the arches of the foot?
Shock absorbers during locomtion
Act as springboards
Distribution of weight to calcaneus and ball of foot
What are the longitudinal arches of the foot supported by?
Long tendons
Intrinsic plantar muscles
Intrinsic ligaments
Plantar aponeurosis
What is the transverse arch of the foot supported by?
Long tendons - mainly fibularis longus
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of tibialis anterior?
Origin: tibia
Insertion: medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Function: dorsiflexion and inversion
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of extensor digitorum longus?
Origin: tibia and fibula
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges
Function: extends lateral 4 toes and dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of extensor hallucis longus?
Origin: fibula
Insertion: distal phalanx of great toe
Function: extends great toe and dorsiflexion foot
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
What muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Tendo calcaneus
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of gastrocnemius?
Origin: condyles femur
Insertion: calcaneus
Function: plantarflexion at ankle and flexion at knee
Innervation: tibial nerve
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of soleus?
Origin: tibia and fibula
Insertion: calcaneal tendon
Function: plantarflexion foot at ankle
Innervation: tibial nerve
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of plantaris?
Origin: femur
Insertion: calcaneal tendon
Function: plantarflexion at ankle and flexion at knee
Innervation: tibial nerve
What muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of flexor digitorum longus?
Origin: tibia and fibula
Insertion: distal phalanges
Function: flex lateral 4 toes
Innervation: tibial nerve
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of tibialis posterior?
Origin: tibia and fibula
Insertion: medial cuneiform and navicular
Function: invert foot
Innervation: tibial nerve
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of flexor hallucis longus?
Origin: tibia and fibula
Insertion: distal phalanx great toe
Function: flex great toe
Innervation: tibial nerve
What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of fibularis longus?
Origin: fibula
Insertion: medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Function: evert and plantar flex foot
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of fibularis brevis?
Origin: fibula
Insertion: 5th metatarsal
Function: evert foot
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Briefly describe the arrangement of the intrinsic muscles of the foot
Dorsal extensors - 1 layer
Plantar flexors / abductors / adductors - 4 layers
What are the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot?
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
What arteries supply the leg?
Popliteal artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Fibular artery
What is the blood supply to the foot?
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis
What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel?
Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Posterior tibial artery and vein Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus
What is the clinical relevance of the tarsal tunnel?
Examining pulse
What does the tibial nerve supply?
Motor supply to posterior compartment of leg and plantar intrinsic muscles
What does the deep fibular nerve supply?
Motor supply to anterior compartment of leg and dorsal intrinsic muscles
Sensory to skin between the first and second toes
What does the superficial fibular nerve supply?
Motor supply to lateral compartments of leg
Sensory to skin of the anterolateral leg, and dorsum of the foot (except skin between 1st and 2nd toes).
What does the sural nerve supply?
Sensory to skin over lower posterolateral leg and upper lateral leg.
