T2 L16 Anatomy of the leg and foot

Question 1

What are the functions of the foot?

Answer 1

Support body weight
Stability / standing
Locomotion / propulsion
Shock absorption

Question 2

What are the bones in the foot?

Answer 2

Calcaneous
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Question 3

What bone does the achilles tendon attach to?

Answer 3

Calcaneal tuberosity

Question 4

What are the possible movements of the foot?

Answer 4

Dorsiflexion (extension)
Plantarflexion (flexion)
Eversion
Inversion
Supination
Pronation

Question 5

What does supination of the foot consist of?

Answer 5

Inversion
Adduction
Plantarflexion

Question 6

What does pronation of the foot consist of?

Answer 6

Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Abduction

Question 7

Describe the ankle joint and its movements

Answer 7

Articulation between talus and tibia/fibula
Synovial hinge joint
Dorsiflexion / plantarflexion

Question 8

Describe the movements of the intertarsal joints

Answer 8

Inversion / eversion

Supination / pronation

Question 9

Describe the movements of the metatarsophalangeal joints

Answer 9

Extension / flexion

Limited abduction / adduction

Question 10

Describe the movements of the interphalangeal joints

Answer 10

Extension / flexion

Question 11

What ligaments stabilise the ankle?

Answer 11

Lateral ligaments

Medial / deltoid ligaments

Question 12

Describe the lateral ligaments that stabilise the ankle

Answer 12

3 ligaments all from lateral malleolus
2 ligaments go towards talus
1 ligaments goes towards calcaneous

Question 13

Describe the medial / deltoid ligaments that stabilise the ankle

Answer 13

3 ligaments coming from medial malleolus
1 ligament goes to talus
1 ligament to calcaneus
1 ligament to navicular

Question 14

What is the clinical consequence of excessive inversion of the foot?

Answer 14

Injury to the lateral ligament - usually the anterior talofibular ligament

Question 15

Describe the subtler joint and its function

Answer 15

Between talus and calcaneus (and navicular)

Allows inversion / eversion during locomotion

Question 16

What is the function of the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 16

Allows eversion / inversion and pronation / supination
Important for standing on uneven ground
Divides foot into hind and mid foot

Question 17

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 17

Thickening of deep fascia

Protects underlying structure and supports longitudinal arch

Question 18

What is plantar fasciitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation of the palmar aponeurosis due to overuse

Common in runners

Question 19

What is the function of the arches of the foot?

Answer 19

Shock absorbers during locomtion
Act as springboards
Distribution of weight to calcaneus and ball of foot

Question 20

What are the longitudinal arches of the foot supported by?

Answer 20

Long tendons
Intrinsic plantar muscles
Intrinsic ligaments
Plantar aponeurosis

Question 21

What is the transverse arch of the foot supported by?

Answer 21

Long tendons - mainly fibularis longus

Question 22

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 22

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

Question 23

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of tibialis anterior?

Answer 23

Origin: tibia
Insertion: medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Function: dorsiflexion and inversion
Innervation: deep fibular nerve

Question 24

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of extensor digitorum longus?

Answer 24

Origin: tibia and fibula
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges
Function: extends lateral 4 toes and dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep fibular nerve

Question 25

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of extensor hallucis longus?

Answer 25

Origin: fibula Insertion: distal phalanx of great toe Function: extends great toe and dorsiflexion foot Innervation: deep fibular nerve

Question 26

What muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 26

Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Tendo calcaneus

Question 27

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of gastrocnemius?

Answer 27

Origin: condyles femur Insertion: calcaneus Function: plantarflexion at ankle and flexion at knee Innervation: tibial nerve

Question 28

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of soleus?

Answer 28

Origin: tibia and fibula Insertion: calcaneal tendon Function: plantarflexion foot at ankle Innervation: tibial nerve

Question 29

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of plantaris?

Answer 29

Origin: femur Insertion: calcaneal tendon Function: plantarflexion at ankle and flexion at knee Innervation: tibial nerve

Question 30

What muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 30

Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus

Question 31

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of flexor digitorum longus?

Answer 31

Origin: tibia and fibula Insertion: distal phalanges Function: flex lateral 4 toes Innervation: tibial nerve

Question 32

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of tibialis posterior?

Answer 32

Origin: tibia and fibula Insertion: medial cuneiform and navicular Function: invert foot Innervation: tibial nerve

Question 33

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of flexor hallucis longus?

Answer 33

Origin: tibia and fibula Insertion: distal phalanx great toe Function: flex great toe Innervation: tibial nerve

Question 34

What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 34

Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis

Question 35

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of fibularis longus?

Answer 35

Origin: fibula Insertion: medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal Function: evert and plantar flex foot Innervation: superficial fibular nerve

Question 36

What is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of fibularis brevis?

Answer 36

Origin: fibula Insertion: 5th metatarsal Function: evert foot Innervation: superficial fibular nerve

Question 37

Briefly describe the arrangement of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 37

Dorsal extensors - 1 layer | Plantar flexors / abductors / adductors - 4 layers

Question 38

What are the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Answer 38

Extensor digitorum brevis | Extensor hallucis brevis

Question 39

What arteries supply the leg?

Answer 39

Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery

Question 40

What is the blood supply to the foot?

Answer 40

Posterior tibial artery | Dorsalis pedis

Question 41

What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 41

``` Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Posterior tibial artery and vein Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus ```

Question 42

What is the clinical relevance of the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 42

Examining pulse

Question 43

What does the tibial nerve supply?

Answer 43

Motor supply to posterior compartment of leg and plantar intrinsic muscles

Question 44

What does the deep fibular nerve supply?

Answer 44

Motor supply to anterior compartment of leg and dorsal intrinsic muscles Sensory to skin between the first and second toes

Question 45

What does the superficial fibular nerve supply?

Answer 45

Motor supply to lateral compartments of leg | Sensory to skin of the anterolateral leg, and dorsum of the foot (except skin between 1st and 2nd toes).

Question 46

What does the sural nerve supply?

Answer 46

Sensory to skin over lower posterolateral leg and upper lateral leg.