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Module 204 MSK & Immune system > T2 L10 Principles of articulation > Flashcards

T2 L10 Principles of articulation Flashcards

1
Q

A joint is a point of contact between what?

A

Neighbouring bones
Bone and cartilage
Bone and teeth

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways joints can be classified?

A

Structural classification

Functional classification

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3
Q

What are the examples of shoulder articulation?

A

Glenohumeral
Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular

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4
Q

What is structure classification based on?

A

Presence or absence of synovial cavity and type of connective tissue

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5
Q

What is functional classification based on?

A

Degree of movement permitted

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6
Q

What is synarthrosis?

A

Immovable

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7
Q

What is amphiarthrosis?

A

Partially moveable

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8
Q

What is diarthrosis?

A

Freely moveable

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9
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Held together by fibrous connective tissue
Permits little or no movement

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

Suture
Syndesmosis
Interosseous membrane

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11
Q

Describe suture fibrous joints

A 
Unite skull bones
Thin layer of dense connective tissue
Irregular
Interlocking edges to provide strength & permit no movement
Ossification of suture forms synostosis
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12
Q

Give an example of a synostosis

A

Left and right sides of frontal bone which fuse around 6 years of age

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13
Q

Describe a syndesmosis fibrous joint

A

More connective tissue than a suture joint
Crosses greater distance than suture
Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles
Typically permits slight movement

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14
Q

Give examples of syndesmosis fibrous joint

A

Distal tibiofibular joint connected by anterior tibiofibular ligament
Gomphosis - mobile peg and socket joint

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15
Q

Describe an interosseous membrane joint

A 
Sheet of dense connective tissue
Binds adjacent long bones
Partially moveable (amphiparthrosis)
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16
Q

What are some examples of interosseous membrane joints?

A

Between radius and ulna

Between tibia and fibia

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17
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Held together by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Permits little or no movement

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchrondosis

Symphysis

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19
Q

What type of cartilage is in a synchrondosis joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Give an example of a synchrondosis joint

A

Epiphyseal plate

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21
Q

What type of cartilage is in a symphysis joint?

A

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

Describe a symphysis joint

A

Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage but with broad disc of fibrocartilage connecting the bones
Partially moveable

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23
Q

Give examples of symphysis joints

A

Junction of manubrium and sternum
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

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24
Q

Describe articular cartilage

A

Covers bones at synovial joints
Avascular
Composed of collagen and proteoglycans
Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression and an extremely low-resistance surface

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25
Q

What does the articular capsule surround?

A

Encapsulates synovial joint

26
Q

What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule?

A

Outer fibrous membrane

Inner layer of synovial membrane

27
Q

Describe the outer fibrous membrane of the articular capsule

A

Connects to periosteum
Flexibility permits movement
Fibres arranged into bundles giving high tensile strength

28
Q

Describe the inner synovial membrane of the articular capsule

A

Areolar connective tissue
Rich in elastic fibres
Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads which stop the 2 surfaces rubbing together

29
Q

What is synovial fluid secreted from?

A

From fibroblast cells in synovial membrane and interstitial fluid from blood plasma

30
Q

What are the functions of the synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates articular surface to reduce friction
Provides some shock-absorbing properties
Supplies nutrition to and removes waste products from avascular articular cartilage
Phagocytes remove microbes and debris

31
Q

What are the 2 types of accessory ligaments in synovial joints?

A

Intracapsular ligaments

Extracapsular ligaments

32
Q

Where are the intracapsular ligaments?

A

Lie within joint capsule

33
Q

Give examples of intracapsular ligaments

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee

34
Q

Where are extracapsular ligaments?

A

Lie outside joint capsule

35
Q

Give an example of an extracapsular ligament

A

Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of knee

36
Q

What are accessory articular discs?

A

Fibrocartilage pads that lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints

37
Q

Give an example of an accessory articular disc

A

Meniscus of knee

38
Q

What is the function of the accessory articular discs?

A

Help maintain joint stability

Direct flow of synovial fluid

39
Q

What are bursae and what is their function?

A

Fluid filled sacs lined with synovial-like membrane

Function: cushion movement between body parts

40
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

Similar to bursae
Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
Common where many tendons come together and pass through synovial joint capsule

41
Q

What movements does a planar joint allow?

A

Back and forth

Side to side movements

42
Q

What are some examples of planar joints?

A

Intercarpal joints

Intersarsal joints between tarsal bones at ankle

43
Q

what movements does a hinge joint allow?

A

Motion in a single axis e.g. flexion and extension

44
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A

Knee joints

Elbow joints

45
Q

What movements does a pivot joint allow?

A

Rotation in its longitudinal axis (monomial)

46
Q

Give an example of pivot joints

A

Radioulnar joint

Atlanto-axial joints (C1 to C2 axial joints)

47
Q

What movements does a condyloid joint allow?

A

Movement around 2 axis

  • flexion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
48
Q

Give an example of a condyloid joint

A

Wrist joint

Metacarpophalangeal joint

49
Q

What movement does a saddle joint allow?

A

Movement around 2 axis

  • flexion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
50
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

Carpometacarpal joint

51
Q

What movement does a ball and socket joint allow?

A

Triaxial movement around 3 planes

  • flexion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
  • rotation
52
Q

Give examples of a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder joint

Hip joint

53
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket joint

54
Q

What 3 ligaments stabilise the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenohumeral
Coracohumeral
Transverse humeral

55
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles>

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

56
Q

What are the functions of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Provide most of strength for glenohumeral joint
Join scapula with humerus
Encircle joint and fuse with joint capsule

57
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial gliding joint (planar) but acts like a pivot

58
Q

What 3 ligaments stabilise the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Acromioclavicular
Coracoacromial
Coracoclavicular

59
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint capable of triaxial movement

60
Q

What are the 3 ligaments that stabilise the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Interclavicular
Anterior sternoclavicular
Inferior sternoclavicular

Module 204 MSK & Immune system (44 decks)

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