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Module 204 MSK & Immune system > T2 L1 Morphological plan of upper limb > Flashcards

T2 L1 Morphological plan of upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Why are most mammals quadrupedal?

A

Allows for locomotion and climbing

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2
Q

Describe some anatomical evolutions

A

Changes to foot, hip, knee, vertebral column, skull
Longer clavicles allowing greater range of movement
Opposable thumbs

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3
Q

Describe the arrangement of the upper limb from coarse to fine muscle groups

A 
Shoulder
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
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4
Q

What is the interosseous membrane?

A

Broad thin plane of fibrous tissue which holds the radius and ulna together
Allows slight movement between the bones for pronation / supination

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5
Q

What movements can limbs make?

A 
Flexion / extension
Abduction / adduction
Lateral / medial rotation
Pronation / supination
Circumduction
Opposition
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6
Q

What movements can the glenohumeral joint make?

A

Extension / flexion
Abduction / adduction
Lateral (external) / medial (internal) rotation

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7
Q

What movements can the elbow joint make?

A

Extension / flexion

Pronation / supination

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8
Q

What movements can the wrist (radiocarpal) joint make?

A

Extension / flexion

Abduction / adduction

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9
Q

Give an example of a saddle shaped joint

A

Joint between 1st carpal and 1st metacarpal (carpometacarpal)

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10
Q

What movements can the metacarpophalangeal joint make?

A

Extension / flexion

Abduction / adduction

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11
Q

What movements can the interphalangeal joints make?

A

Extension / flexion

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12
Q

What are the 2 functional compartments?

A

Anterior (flexor) compartment

Posterior (extensor) compartment

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13
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of pectoralis major?

A 
Origin = sternum, medial part of clavicle, costal cartilage
Insertion = lateral lip of bicipital groove
Function = Adduction, flexion, medial rotation
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14
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of pectoralis minor?

A 
Origin = ribs 3,4,5
Insertion = Coracoid process
Function = protraction
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15
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of serratus anterior?

A 
Origin = medial wall of thorax (upper 8 ribs)
Insertion = medial edge of scapula
Function = protraction
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16
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of deltoid muscle?

A

Origin = spine of scapula, acromion, lateral 1/3 clavicle
Insertion = deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Function = abductor
- posterior fibres for extension and lateral rotation
- anterior fibres for flexion and medial rotation

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17
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of teres major?

A 
Origin = inferior angle of scapula
Insertion = medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus 
Function = adduction and medial rotation
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18
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of biceps brachii?

A 
Origin = supraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process of scapula
Insertion = radial tuberosity, fascia of forearm
Function = flexion, supination
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19
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of coracobrachialis?

A 
Origin = coracoid process of scapula
Insertion = shaft of humerus
Function = flexion
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20
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of brachialis?

A 
Origin = medial and lateral surfaces of humeral shaft
Insertion = ulna tuberosity 
Function = flexion
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21
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of triceps brachii?

A 
Origin = infraglenoid tubercle, humerus
Insertion = ulna
Function = extension
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22
Q

Where do the flexors of the forearm mainly come from?

A

Medial epicondyle

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23
Q

Where do the extensors of the forearm mainly come from?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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24
Q

What movements can the vertebral column make?

A

Extension / flexion
Lateral flexion / lateral extension
Rotation

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25
Q

What is the function of the 4 curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Bipedalism
Shock absorption
Flexibility

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26
Q

What is the purpose of primary kyphoses?

A

Allows foetus to adopt a curved posture

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27
Q

What is the purpose of secondary lordosis?

A

Important for transition from crawling to walking

28
Q

What is hyperkyphoses?

A

Rounded back

29
Q

Why is whiplash common?

A

Injury to anterior longitudinal ligament is common as this is the only ligament to resist hyperextension

30
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral joints?

A

Weight bearing and strength

31
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

A

Shock absorbers

32
Q

Why does the disc thickness increase down the vertebral column?

A

Have to absorb more stress

33
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the intervertebral joints separated by?

A

Fibrocartilage

34
Q

What is annulus fibrosus?

A

Rings of fibrocartilage (secondary cartilage)
Outer layer
Binds 2 adjacent bony surfaces together for strength

35
Q

What are facet joints?

A

Joints between vertebral arches

36
Q

What does movement of the facet joints depend on?

A

Joint angle

37
Q

What are the movements of cervical facet joints and why?

A

Slight slope so extension / flexion and rotation

38
Q

What are the movements of the thoracic facet joints and why?

A

Angle is almost vertical so only rotation

39
Q

What are the movements of the lumbar facet joints?

A

Extension / flexion

40
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the back do?

A

Move upper limbs / ribs

41
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the back do?

A

Postural / move vertebral column

42
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of trapezius?

A

Origin = external occipital prominence, spinous process of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion = lateral part of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
Function = move scapula
- upper fibres = elevate scapula
- Middle fibres = retract scapula
- lower fibres = depress scapula

43
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of latissimus dorsi?

A 
Origin = thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes of T6-T12, iliac crest and inferior 3 ribs
Insertion = bicipital groove of humerus
Function = adduction, extension, medial rotation
44
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of levator scapulae?

A 
Origin = transverse cervical process
Insertion = anterior angle of scapula
Function = elevate scapula
45
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of rhomboids?

A 
Origin = thoracic and last cervical spinous processes
Insertion = medial border scapula
Function = retract scapula
46
Q

What are the intermediate back muscles used for?

A

Accessory respiratory muscles that help expand chest cavity during inspiration

47
Q

What are the deep muscles?

A

Splenus
Erector spinae
Multifidus

48
Q

What are the 3 muscle blocks of erector spinae?

A

Spinales
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

49
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of multifidus?

A 
Origin = transverse processes
Insertion = spinous processes
Function = major stabiliser of back
50
Q

What is the trapezius innervated by?

A

11th cranial nerve

51
Q

What is the innervation of the extrinsic muscles?

A

Anterior primary ramus

52
Q

What is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles?

A

Posterior primary ramus

53
Q

How is the mesoderm formed?

A

Produced through gastrulation

Invading epiblast cells travel through primitive streak to form mesoderm

54
Q

What happens when the mesoderm undergoes further changes?

A

Forms paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm

55
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?

A

Somites

56
Q

What is lateral plate mesoderm important for?

A

Limb development

57
Q

When do limb buds appear?

A

As out-pocketings from body wall during week 5

58
Q

What is mesenchyme made from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

59
Q

What does atypical ectodermal ridge (AER) do?

A

Keeps cells at distal region in a state of proliferation and undifferentiated

60
Q

What is spatial patterning of the limb under control of?

A

Hox genes

61
Q

What does limb mesenchyme produce?

A

Connective tissue of the limbs e.g. tendons, ligaments, fascia, cartilage and bone

62
Q

What happens to the limbs at week 6?

A

Limb extends further and flattens so hand / foot plate forms as a paddle shaped feature. Digital rays then form in this region.
Tissue between each ray undergoes programmed cell death to form fingers and toes

63
Q

Where do limb muscle cells originate?

A

Somites

64
Q

What happens to the limb muscle cells from the somite?

A

Delaminate from somite and migrate into limb bud then congregate close to skeletal elements
Muscle cells organise into ventral and dorsal muscle masses then further cleavage to form individual muscles of limb

65
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

Parts of limb are absent at proximal regions

Due to lack of cell proliferation and failure of limb bud to grow

66
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

Fusion of digits or joining of digits with soft tissue

Due to lack of cell death or cell proliferation problems

Module 204 MSK & Immune system (44 decks)

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