T1 L8 Regulating immunological responses: the roles of cytokines and chemokines Flashcards
What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a megakaryocytic?
TPO
What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to an erythrocyte?
EPO
What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a mast cell?
SCF
G-CSF
GM-CSF
What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a myeloblast?
GM-CSF
What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a basophil or neutrophil?
G-CSF
GM-CSF
What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a eosinophil?
IL-5
GM-CSF
What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a monocyte?
GM-CSF
What is GM-CSF?
Main cytokine that will direct stem cells towards macrophages and granulocyte lineage
What is IFN-alpha made by?
Lymphocytes
What is IFN-beta made by?
Fibroblasts
What is IFN-gamma made by?
Lymphocytes
NK cells
Give examples of T-cell growth factors
IL-2
IL-7
IL-9
IL-15
Why is TNF not used as an anti-cancer agent?
It was too toxic
What are the 3 main types of effector T cells?
Th1 & Th2
CD8 T-cells
CD4 T-cells
What molecules do CD8 T-cells release?
Perforin
Granzymes
Cytokine IFN-gamma
Fas-ligand
What are Th1 cells specialised for?
Activation of macrophages that are infected or have ingested pathogens
Secrete IFN-gamma
Express membrane bound CD40-ligand and/or Fas ligand
What are Th2 cells specialised for?
B-cell activation
What does IL-2 production lead to?
T-cell proliferation and potentiates release of other cytokines
What does IL-3 and GM-CSF stimulate the production of?
New macrophages by acting on haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
What does TNF-alpha & LT-beta do?
Signal macrophages to leave bloodstream and enter tissue
What does MCP-1 signal?
Macrophages to migrate into sites of infection
What does the Fas ligand or LT-alpha do?
Kills chronically infected cells, releasing bacteria which is destroyed by fresh macrophages
What is X-linked SCID?
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Caused by genetic inactivation of one receptor that is a common signalling component of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-7 receptors
How can X-linked SCID be caused?
Bone marrow transplants
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Heat
Swelling
Redness
Pain
What causes the redness, heat and swelling in inflammation?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
What are some TNF-mediated diseases?
Septic shock Multiple organ failure Respiratory distress syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease Graft versus host rejection Diabetes Pulmonary fibrosis
What does Treg produce & what is the role of this?
IL-10 which inhibits the activity of other T-cells leading to anti-inflammation
What is IL-2 used to treat?
Melanoma
Renal cell carcinoma
What is IFN-alpha used to treat?
Hair-cell leukaemia
Kaposi
Viral hepatitis
What is GM-CSF used to treat?
Myeloid reconstitution following bone marrow transplant
Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia
What is G-CSF used to treat?
Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia
What is IL-11 used to treat?
Thrombocytopenia in oncology
What is EPO used to treat?
Anaemia
What is anti-TNF & sTNFR used to treat?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis
What is IL-1Ra used to treat?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS)
What is anti-IL-6, IL-6R used ti treat?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What is anti-IL-17, 12 & 23 used to treat?
Psoriasis
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Crohn’s disease
What is anti-IL-5 used to treat?
Asthma
Eosinophilic granulomatosis
What is anti-IL-4R used to treat?
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
What are the side effects of anti-TNF, anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-6?
Increased susceptibility to TB
Increased susceptibility to serious opportunistic infections e.g. listeria and pneumocytosis
