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Module 204 MSK & Immune system > T1 L8 Regulating immunological responses: the roles of cytokines and chemokines > Flashcards

T1 L8 Regulating immunological responses: the roles of cytokines and chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a megakaryocytic?

A

TPO

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2
Q

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to an erythrocyte?

A

EPO

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3
Q

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a mast cell?

A

SCF
G-CSF
GM-CSF

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4
Q

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a myeloblast?

A

GM-CSF

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5
Q

What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a basophil or neutrophil?

A

G-CSF

GM-CSF

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6
Q

What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a eosinophil?

A

IL-5

GM-CSF

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7
Q

What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a monocyte?

A

GM-CSF

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8
Q

What is GM-CSF?

A

Main cytokine that will direct stem cells towards macrophages and granulocyte lineage

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9
Q

What is IFN-alpha made by?

A

Lymphocytes

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10
Q

What is IFN-beta made by?

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

What is IFN-gamma made by?

A

Lymphocytes

NK cells

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12
Q

Give examples of T-cell growth factors

A

IL-2
IL-7
IL-9
IL-15

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13
Q

Why is TNF not used as an anti-cancer agent?

A

It was too toxic

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14
Q

What are the 3 main types of effector T cells?

A

Th1 & Th2
CD8 T-cells
CD4 T-cells

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15
Q

What molecules do CD8 T-cells release?

A

Perforin
Granzymes
Cytokine IFN-gamma
Fas-ligand

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16
Q

What are Th1 cells specialised for?

A

Activation of macrophages that are infected or have ingested pathogens
Secrete IFN-gamma
Express membrane bound CD40-ligand and/or Fas ligand

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17
Q

What are Th2 cells specialised for?

A

B-cell activation

18
Q

What does IL-2 production lead to?

A

T-cell proliferation and potentiates release of other cytokines

19
Q

What does IL-3 and GM-CSF stimulate the production of?

A

New macrophages by acting on haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

20
Q

What does TNF-alpha & LT-beta do?

A

Signal macrophages to leave bloodstream and enter tissue

21
Q

What does MCP-1 signal?

A

Macrophages to migrate into sites of infection

22
Q

What does the Fas ligand or LT-alpha do?

A

Kills chronically infected cells, releasing bacteria which is destroyed by fresh macrophages

23
Q

What is X-linked SCID?

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

Caused by genetic inactivation of one receptor that is a common signalling component of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-7 receptors

24
Q

How can X-linked SCID be caused?

A

Bone marrow transplants

25
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat
Swelling
Redness
Pain

26
Q

What causes the redness, heat and swelling in inflammation?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

27
Q

What are some TNF-mediated diseases?

A 
Septic shock
Multiple organ failure
Respiratory distress syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Graft versus host rejection
Diabetes
Pulmonary fibrosis
28
Q

What does Treg produce & what is the role of this?

A

IL-10 which inhibits the activity of other T-cells leading to anti-inflammation

29
Q

What is IL-2 used to treat?

A

Melanoma

Renal cell carcinoma

30
Q

What is IFN-alpha used to treat?

A

Hair-cell leukaemia
Kaposi
Viral hepatitis

31
Q

What is GM-CSF used to treat?

A

Myeloid reconstitution following bone marrow transplant

Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

32
Q

What is G-CSF used to treat?

A

Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

33
Q

What is IL-11 used to treat?

A

Thrombocytopenia in oncology

34
Q

What is EPO used to treat?

A

Anaemia

35
Q

What is anti-TNF & sTNFR used to treat?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis

36
Q

What is IL-1Ra used to treat?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS)

37
Q

What is anti-IL-6, IL-6R used ti treat?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

38
Q

What is anti-IL-17, 12 & 23 used to treat?

A

Psoriasis
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Crohn’s disease

39
Q

What is anti-IL-5 used to treat?

A

Asthma

Eosinophilic granulomatosis

40
Q

What is anti-IL-4R used to treat?

A

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

41
Q

What are the side effects of anti-TNF, anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-6?

A

Increased susceptibility to TB

Increased susceptibility to serious opportunistic infections e.g. listeria and pneumocytosis

Module 204 MSK & Immune system (44 decks)

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