T. Stroke Flashcards
Stroke
- Stroke occurs when ischemia or hemorrhage into the brain results in death of brain cells.
- Physical, cognitive, and emotional impact
Ischemic Stroke
- inadequate blood flow to the brain from partial or complete occlusion of an artery.
- A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is usually a precursor to ischemic stroke.
- About 80% of all strokes are ischemic in nature.
- Blood flow must be maintained at 750 to 1000 mL/min (55 mL/100 g of brain tissue), or 20% of the cardiac output, for optimal brain functioning.
- 87% of all strokes
It can be either:
Thrombotic or embolic
Thrombolytic stroke
- the process of clot formation results in a narrowing of the lumen, which blocks the passage of blood through the artery
- Thrombosis occurs in relation to injury to a blood vessel wall and formation of a blood clot.
- Result of thrombosis or narrowing of the blood vessel
- Most common cause of stroke
- Lacunar strokes are typically asymptomatic.
Embolic stroke
- an embolus is a blood clot or other debris circulating in the blood. When it reaches an artery in the brain that is too narrow to pass through it lodges there and blocks the flow of blood
- Occurs when an embolus lodges in and occludes a cerebral artery
- Results in infarction and edema of the area supplied by the involved vessel
- Second most common cause of stroke
- Warning signs are less common with embolic than with thrombotic stroke.
Hemorrhagic stroke
- a burst blood vessel may allow blood to seep into and damage brain tissues until clotting shuts off the leak
- Account for approximately 15% of all strokes
- Result from bleeding into the brain tissue itself or into the subarachnoid space or ventricles
Transient ischemic attack
- Transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction of the brain
- is usually a precursor to ischemic stroke.
- Symptoms last <1 hour.
- a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage
- Bleeding within the brain caused by rupture of a vessel
- Hypertension is the most important cause.
- Hemorrhage commonly occurs during periods of activity.
- Often a sudden onset of symptoms, with progression over minutes to hours because of ongoing bleeding
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Intracranial bleeding into cerebro-spinal fluid–filled space between the arachnoid and pia mater
- Commonly caused by rupture of a cerebral aneurysm
- An aneurysm may be saccular or berry.
- Majority of aneurysms are in the circle of Willis.
- “Worst headache of one’s life”
- Surgical treatment to prevent rebleeding.
Right-Brain and Left-Brain Stroke
Right-Brain Stroke
- paralyzed left side
- left side neglect
- impaired judgements, time concepts, safety, impulsive
- rapid attention span
- Respond best to directions given verbally
- Difficulty in judging position, distance, and movement
- Impulsive, impatient, and denying problems related to stroke
Left-Brain Stroke - right paralysis - aphasia - impaired l/r discrimination cautions, slow performance, - aware of defects, depression - impaired language comprehension - Respond well to nonverbal cues -Slower in organization and performance of tasks - Impaired spatial discrimination - Have fearful, anxious response to stroke
Aphasia
is the total loss of comprehension and use of language.
occurs when a stroke damages the dominant hemisphere of the brain.
Dysphasia
refers to difficulty related to the comprehension or use of language and is due to partial disruption or loss.
Global Aphasia
all communication and receptive function are lost.
dysarthria
Disturbance in the muscular control of speech
Impairments may involve
- pronunciation
- articulation
- phonation
anosognosia
Deny illness or own body parts
a symptom of severe mental illness experienced by some that impairs a person’s ability to understand and perceive his or her illness.
agnosia
inability to recognize an object by sight, touch, or hearing
